8 The Bulletin 



so as to make that clear, thus : Wheat Bran and Screenings, Shipstuflf 

 and Screenings, or Wheat Bran with Mill Eun Screenings, Wheat Bran 

 with Screenings, not exceeding Mill Run. 



(4) That Screenings should always be ground to destroy the viability 

 of weed seeds. Weed seeds are usually so small and so hard that they 

 pass through the alimentary canal undigested and become disseminated 

 in dung over the fields to the detriment of both farmer and miller. 



TERMS USED IN ANALYSIS 



Ash. This is ths incombustible part of the plant, earthy matter 

 drawn from the soil by the plants, and taken over into the amimal organ- 

 ism from plants. 



Protein. This is the nitrogenous portion of the plant. Lean meat, 

 white of eggs, curd of milk, gluten of grain are examples. 



Fiber. The frame-work of the plant; trunk and stem are hardened 

 fiber mixed with mineral and other matter ; cotton is ailmost pure fiber. 



Fat. The portion of plant soluble in either is classed as fat, but in- 

 cludes small quantity of substances other than fats. Cotton-seed oil, 

 olive oil, peanut oil, the oils of cereals are examples. Tallow, lard, but- 

 ter amd the various animal oils and fats fall into this class. 



Nitrogen-free Extract. Starch, the various sugars, gums are ex- 

 amples. 



Carbohydrates. This is a general term, including fiber and nitrogen- 

 free extract. 



ANIMAL FEEDING AND NUTRITION 



A fundamental distinction between plants and animals is this : Plants 

 manufacture, so to speak, foods ; animals consume, but caoinot manufac- 

 ture, food. They merely transform — more or less modify — the food 

 they get from plants, utilize it for their own growth and maintenance 

 and for doing work, or else store it up in their bodies, or as in the case 

 of milk, excrete it. 



Animals get the mineral matter for forming bone from plants, a small 

 portion also from water. The function of the carbohydrates and faits in 

 animal nutrition is the production of warmth and energy; for this pur- 

 pose fat has two and four-tenths the value of carbohydrate pound for 

 pound. The function of protein is to build up, repair and sustain the 

 vital portions of the ajnimal organism — blood, muscle, nerve, brain ; the 

 fats and carbohydrates cannot do this. Protein is capable also of being 

 oxidized, or burned, in the body and producing warmth and energy; and 

 in the absence of adequate fats and carbohydrates is thus utilized; but 

 this is, besides being extravagant, unwholesome. A well balanced ration 

 is one that contains protein, fat, carbohydrate in proper proportion to 

 meet the needs of the animal. These needs vairy with the kind of animal, 

 its age and uses. 



