310 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 11 



measured 30 to 35 cm when fully expanded. From the large number of 

 specimens taken in the Gulf of California, the species must be fairly 

 common there ; and it is remarkable that not one single small individual 

 has been captured. Possibly the younger individuals live at greater depth 

 or are better concealed. 



Except for the presence of the rows of dark spots on the back, the 

 species appears to be closely related to Vaneyothuria Integra and V» 

 neozelanica. This is particularly true of V. z. forma iota, in which the 

 black spots are reduced to small areas around some of the dorsal papil- 

 lae — a character which may possibly have been overlooked in these two 

 older species. In the larger individuals of the typical form, as well as in 

 V. z. forma iota (of which only colossal individuals are known), there 

 is an increase in the number of small regular buttons, making the inner 

 layer of buttons similar to that of F. minax (Theel) from the Japanese 

 waters. The latter seems to be a less specialized form from shallower 

 water, and still retains the stouter tables of a shore form. 



The name azacae seems most appropriate for the Galapagos form in 

 which the inner layer of buttons is completely lacking. The name iota 

 was selected for the West coast form because some one working with 

 the material had recognized that it differed from that secured in the 

 Gulf of California, and had marked it with the letter "J." 



9. Ludwigothuria n. gen. 

 (Holothuria atra group) 



Diagnosis: Large robust forms with large tentacles subventrally 

 directed ; numerous feet on the ventrum, sometimes completely retracted, 

 and a large number of smaller feet and papilliform appendages on the 

 dorsum, in some forms tending to become distinct warts. Inner anatomy 

 not remarkable. Some species with numerous stone canals. 



Spicules an external layer of tables, not crowded, with small disk, 

 well developed spire, and one crossbeam; spire with 12 teeth, 4 erect 

 and 8 horizontal, forming a Maltese cross. Inner layer consisting of a 

 varying number of minute rosettes or plates derived from these, or 

 slightly larger plates derived from small bifurcate rods. Ventral feet 

 with large end plate and a differing number of narrow to broad sup- 

 porting rods or plates, with few to many perforations. Dorsal append- 

 ages with vestigial end plate or none, and curved to straight rods. 



