26 AMERICAN SPIDEES AND THEIR SPINNINGWORK. 



words, the female is twenty times as long and thirteen hundred times as 

 heavy as her partner. ' Dr. Vinson ^ strikingly represents this disparity 

 of size in the species Nephila nigra (Vinson), which is here presented, 

 (Fig. 6), with both sexes natural size. A full grown female of our Basket 

 Argiope bears about the relative proportion to the size of her male, of a 

 horse to a large dog. The largest female Argioj^e measures in bodj' length 

 one inch, in spread of legs three inches. Her abdomen is thick in pro- 

 portion. A male has a body length of one-fourth inch, the spread of legs 

 being one inch and a quarter. Fig. 14 will show the relative body lengths 

 and sizes of the sexes of Argiope cophinaria. 



This disproportion, however, in the size of the sexes is not universal. In 

 some species, as M'ill be found by a reference to the plates in Volume III., the 

 difference is slight, and, indeed, is sometimes on the side of the male, even 

 among Orbweavers, as in the case of Epeira strix. Moreover, the males 

 have relatively longer and apparently more powerful legs than the female. 

 The increased length must be serviceable in the preliminary courtship, 

 when the males stand off and solicit o\ test tlie feeling of 

 their mates by touches of the fore feet. These features are 

 also beneficial in clasping their mates during amatory em- 

 brace, and must add to their muscular vigor both in conflict 

 and retreat. This difference in tlie legs, I have no doubt, 

 fully compensates for difference in body size in the case of 

 many sjjecies. Esj^ecially is this true in the case of the Wan- 

 derers, with the exception, perhaps, of some of the Thom- 

 isoids. Moreover, the legs of some Orbweavers are armed 

 with formidable weapons in rows of strong spines arranged 

 Fig. 7. Tibial spines, aloug the iuucr surfacc of the tibia. (Fig. 7, Tibial spines 

 er merton.) ^£ Epcira domiciliorum, a, and Epeira trivittata, b.) 

 There is also a difference in size among the individuals of any one 

 species. I have found females (Epeira vertebrata) quite mature, making 

 cocoons, who were scarcely more than half as large as others of 

 Size Va- ^Yie same species, and to some extent a like difference prevails 

 g in the sizes of the other sex. It may readily occur, therefore, 



Species. ^"''^^ ^ large male and a small female will come together, and 

 thus, in point of strength, be placed more nearly upon an equal- 

 ity, or even give the preponderance to the male. In such a case his oppor- 

 tunity for feeding ujjoii his jiartner is quite as good as hers. For these 

 reasons I am disposed to think that tlie perils of courtship depend, first, 

 upon the relative size of tlie individuals, and, second, upon the chances 

 of arousing the voracious appetite of one or the other partner by unusual 

 movements. In other and ordinary cases, Nature provides a sentiment 



' Cambridge, " Spiders of Dorset," introduction, page xxvii. 

 '■^ Spider.s of Keunion, IMaurice, and ^Madagascar, PI. Yl. 



