INJURIOUS EFFECTS (»F THE TREATMENT. 27 



(Yellow Newtown) does not usnally .suffer from seal) so nuich as some 

 other varieties. The same treatment was given a block of Winesaps, 

 with the result that the fruit at pieking time showed practically no scab, 

 while the three unsprayed trees left as checks had SO percent of the 

 crop ati'ected. 



Leaf--'<j>(>t. — The disease known as leaf-spot, which also yields read- 

 ily to treatment, is very connnon in Virginia, causing considerable 

 damage by defoliating the trees, and certain varieties of apples require 

 treatment for this disease alone. Trees sprayed as early as June 12 

 held their foliage in line condition initil after the crop was harvested. 

 The three early applications did not entirely prevent th(> leaf-spot 

 disease, and the >)est results were obtained Avhen the treatment was 

 continued until July 25 or later. Winesaps that were sprayed as soon 

 as the blossoms were shed. May 1, and at intervals of two weeks until 

 three applications had been made, lost practically no foliage from leaf- 

 spot. Also two trees sprayed on May 18, about three weeks after the 

 blooming period, and on June 12 kept their foliage in perfect condition 

 throughout the season. On the othei- hand three unsi)rayed Winesaps 

 in the same orchard lost 50 to 75 per cent of their leaves by August 7, 

 and most of those remaining on the trees at that date were affected. 

 The unsprayed Yellow Newtowns, however, did not suffer half so 

 much. The trees thus defoliated were not able to properly mature 

 the fruit, which at picking time was perceptibly smaller than that of 

 sprayed trees. In some cases the sprayed fruit was as much as one- 

 fourth larger than that on the unsprayed trees. 



Sooty-hlotch.—^ooty-Hotch. also yielded very readily to treatment, 

 the fruit on all the sprayed trees being clean, while a portion of the 

 untreated fruit was more or less ''clouded.'- The three early appli- 

 cations for scab appeared to be sufficient to control this fungus, though 

 in severe cases two applications in July would no doubt be necessary 

 to prevent the disease. 



INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF THE TREATMENT. 



Russetiny.—Th% fruit on all of the trees that received the three 

 early applications in the bitter-rot experiment on the Yellow Newtown 

 apples developed russet spots or blotches due to the action of the cop- 

 per. These blotches sometimes covered half of the apple, dwarting 

 the affected side. Usually, however, the spots were small and very 

 irregular in shape, detracting little from the appearance of the apple. 

 Fruits that did not receive these early sprayings were not affected, 

 and the trouble seems to have resulted entirely from the two applica- 

 tions made to the young fruit on May 1 and 9. About 50 per cent of 

 the fruit sprayed on these dates showed some russet spots, but the 

 disfiguration was apparently not sufficient to affect its market value 

 materially. When russeting is feared it might be advisable to use 

 less bluestone and a greater quantity of lime in the preparation of 



