THE ALUMNI JOURNAL. 



167 



from the middle of the ear, well dried, 

 should weigh a pennyweight ; and that 

 in I4q7, by statute of King Henry VII, 

 this standard was changed, inasmuch as 

 the same pennyweight was then subdivid- 

 ed into 24 grains. (See Johnson's Cyclo- 

 pedia). 



Thus until 1497, 32 average grains of 

 wheat weighed 32 grains, providing 

 grainweights were then employed, but 

 after the enactment of Henry VII, the 32 

 grains of wheat weighed but 24 recon- 

 structed grains. Since then the grain 

 standard so far as I can determine, has 

 suffered no further change. 100 average 

 grains of wheat should therefore weigh 

 75 grains. 



In comparing with one another the 

 weights of 42 separate lots, each of 100 

 grains from specimens of wheat from dif- 

 ferent countries, (Australia, England, 

 India, Russia, South America, United 

 States and Canada), the general average 

 in the weight of wheats from all the afore- 

 named countries was found to be far be- 

 low the given standard, it being only 

 60-87 grains. However, an average of 

 the heaviest of the specimens, one from 

 each countr3% came very close to that of 

 the original standard, viz.: — 74.734, in- 

 stead of 75.00 grains. 



This would seem to show that cultiva- 

 tion and climatic conditions during a 

 period of 600 years have exercised but 

 little, if anj^, influence on the weight of 

 vSelected wheat. 



PART SECOND. — ECONOMIC. 



A few experimental comparisons be- 

 tween the different wheats were made on 

 the following basis : 



i) Determination of impurities. 



2) Determination of densities, involv- 

 ing, a) Determination of the weight of 

 100 grains of each wheat specimen, b) De- 

 termination of the volume of the same 100 

 grains. 



I. According to the amount of impur- 

 ities in the wheats, the averages from 

 each country are : 



Averages Maximum 

 per cent. per cent. 



England 0.07 0.15 England, White. 



Australia and New Zea- 

 land 0.37 0.65 New Zealand, Red. 



United States and Can_-o.94 2.61 Calilornia Choice. 



South America.- 2.92 7.97 Rosario, 1892. 



Russia — 5.15 11.6S Odessa, Azima. 



India 9.18 1942 Kurrachee, Red. 



II. As regards density and size and 

 weight of the grains in general, it can be 

 demonstrated from Table III, that while 

 the weights of the different lots of loo 

 grains seemingly run parallel with the 

 space they occupy, the members ofthe.se 

 two series do not stand in exact propor- 

 tion to one another ; as a consequence, 

 the densities are variable, which is seen 

 in Column 3, Table III. 



White wheats (marked *) are usually 

 large in size and weight, but inclined to 

 be low in density. (Compare Tables I 

 and II.) 



III. If we outline a tabulation of our 

 wheats by intersecting, in a general way, 

 gradations in their densities, with grada- 

 tions in the dimensions (size and weight) 

 of their grains, we arrive at a classifica- 

 tion of these 42 samples, which assigns 

 each specimen a place according to its 

 intrinsic value From Table IV (see 

 original article) thus obtained we draw 

 the following general conclusions ; 



Australian and New Zealand wheats, 

 (3 specimens), and some Bombay sam- 

 ples, c mbine high weight and large size 

 of grain with high density, and thus rank 

 first in the list. 



Then follows England, (2 samples) 

 California, Choice, and Ja.'^t Chili, which 

 has lowest density combined with large 

 size and high weight. 



The bulk of the United States and 

 Canada samples belongs to the class with 

 small size, low weight, but high density 

 of the grain. One American specimen 



