244 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES 



twenty-five centuries were prepared, these being followed by Fungi Columhiani. 

 In 1880 he became associated in his mycological work with the well-to-do amateur 

 botanist, Everhart, with whom he published many articles and described hun- 

 dreds of new fungi. In 1892 they published jointly a very fine book which is 

 still of great value. The North American Pyrenomycetes, with excellent illus- 

 trations by F. W. Anderson. In 1886, in conjunction with William Ashbrook 

 Kellerman (b. 1850, d. 1908), Ellis and Everhart founded the Journal of My- 

 cology, in which numerous articles of systematic mycological interest appeared, 

 mainly under the authorship of the founders, singly or collectively. In 1889 

 this journal was taken over by the Section of Vegetable Pathology of the United 

 States Department of Agriculture, which published it quarterly for three vol- 

 umes until 1894. Then, after eight years of suspension. Dr. Kellerman took over 

 the task in 1902, beginning with Volume 8 and continuing until the close of 

 Volume 13, when his death pat an end to the publication. 



Centers of Advance 



A student of the history of any science soon notices that the progress of the 

 subject is not an even one geographically but that the centers of advance are 

 scattered here or there. Closer examination reveals that these locations are de- 

 termined by the residence at those places of some one man or group of men who 

 are enthusiastically studying and teaching the subject. Thus in Sweden many 

 able students gathered around Linnaeus two hundred years ago. Eighty years 

 later Fries had many followers. Around De Bary from 1853 until his death 

 in 1888 there was always a group of zealous students. Farlow at Harvard 

 seventy-five years ago began to attract men in the same way, and following 

 him were Thaxter, Weston, and White, not to mention the many students trained 

 there and going elsewhere to form centers of their own. This sort of propagation 

 from old center to new centers is of course only possible to any considerable 

 extent when the scholars at the centers are associated with colleges or univer- 

 sites. So men like von Schweinitz, Curtis, Eavenel, Michener, and Ellis, al- 

 though performing great amounts of excellent mycological work, could not prop- 

 agate the spirit so widely as the men at Harvard, Cornell, Michigan, and other 

 institutions. Coker and Couch form a mycological center at the University 

 of North Carolina from which a good many mycologists have gone out. At Pur- 

 due University the influence of Joseph Charles Arthur built up a group, scat- 

 tered among various other institutions, of specialists in uredinology. At the 

 University of Minnesota, under the influence of Edward Morse Freeman and 

 Elvin C. Stakman, there are gathered men studying the various races of cereal 

 rusts in their relation to their hosts and experimenting with the breeding of 

 strains of rusts, as well as of hosts resistant to them. 



Often a sharp distinction cannot be made between the mycological and phy- 

 topathological aspects of the subject. Thus in the study of the genus Fusarium, 

 as carried out by Sherbakoff, Wollenweber, Hansen, Snyder, and others, the 

 pathogenic activities of the strains under study must be considered along with 

 the cultural and morphological characters. Thus it is that mycological work is 

 apt to be found where there is also active phytopathological work. 



In recent years a new and very important branch of mycology has developed. 



