BESSEY: MYCOLOGY 249 



to the siphonaceous algae. From this order radiated the Hypodermii (smuts 



and rusts), the Basidiomyeetcs and the Ascomycetes, which he places highest 



in the fungal series. He has no group set aside for what we call the Fungi 



Imperfecta These he rather looks upon as asexual forms of Ascomycetes whose 



connections with the sexual stages have not been demonstrated. Eighteen years 



later De Bary (1884) modified this classification by establishing two series as 



follows. 

 I. Ascomycetenreihe 



1. Peronosporeen (nebst Ancylisteen unci Monoblepharis) 



2. Saprolegnieen 



3. Mucorineen Oder Zygomyceten 



4. Entomophthoreen 



5. Ascomyceten 



6. Uredineen 



II. Von der Ascomycetenreihe divergierende oder der Steilung nacli zweifeltiafte Gruppen 



7. Cliytridieen 



8. Protomyces und Ustilagineen 



9. Zweifeltiafte Ascomyceten (Saccliaromyces, etc.) 

 10. Basidiomyceten 



Groups 1-4, because of their near connection with the algae, are brought to- 

 gether under the name Phycomycetes. In category II, groups 7 and 8 are to 

 be treated in connection with the Phycomycetes, 9 naturally with the Ascomy- 

 cetes, and 10 with 6 (Uredineae). 



The Lehrhuch der Botanik by Julius Sachs was of great influence in the de- 

 velopment of botanical studies. This appeared in many editions and was trans- 

 lated into several languages. In his earlier editions he followed De Bary for 

 the classification of the fungi. In his fourth edition (1874) he adopted a quite 

 different arrangement. He places the plants below the group Bryophyta in the 

 group Thallophyta. This he divides into four classes, each containing plants 

 with chlorophyll and those without it. The main line of evolution he indicates 

 goes upward in the chlorophyll-containing series (i.e., the algae), the chloro- 

 phyll-free organisms in each class being derived from those with chlorophyll 

 in the same class. In other w^ords, the fungi are polyphyletic and do not form 

 a single phylum. 



The four classes of Sachs are the following. 



I. Protophyta. No sexual reproduction 

 Chlorophyll-containing Chlorophyll-free 



Cyanopliyceae Scliizomycetes (=Bacteria) 



Palmellaceae (in part) Saccliaromyces 



II. Zygosporeae. Sexual union of equal cells to produce a zygospore 

 With chlorophyll Lacking chlorophyll 



Union of motile cells 

 Volvocineae Myxomycetes 



(Hydrodictyeae) 



Conjugation of resting cells 

 Conjugatae (including Diatomeae) Zygomycetes 



III. Oosporeae. Fertilization of egg to produce an oospore 

 With chlorophyll Lacking Chlorophyll 



Sphaeroplea 



Vaucheria ( Saprolegnieae 



) Peronosporeae 



Oedogonieae 



Fucaceae 



