236 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES 



hymenium of the Hymenomycetes and introduced the term "basidium" in its 

 present usage as long ago as 1837. He published in 1851 a report on the tax- 

 onomy of the Erysiphaceae. Following his lead and that of the Tulasne brothers 

 there arose in France many systematic mycologists. Space permits the naming 

 of only a few: Philippe van Tieghem, Emile Boudier, Paul Vuillemin, Gabriel 

 Arnaud, Herbert Bourdot, A. Galzin, Narcisse Patouillard, Julien Costantin, 

 Henri Eomagnesi, Robert Kiihner, Roger Heim, Andre Maublanc, P. Konrad 

 are among the many scholars who have brought honor to France. For many 

 decades the Bulletin de lu Societe Mycologique de France, supplemented more 

 recently by the Revue de Mycologie and many other periodicals, has published 

 the contributions of these and other mycologists. 



It was to be expected that Germany and the other German-speaking lands of 

 Central Europe would have many students of systematic mycology, although the 

 impetus of De Bary's researches and teaching was strongly in the direction of 

 anatomy and life history of fungi. In the early days of the hundred-year period 

 under consideration we find the names of Rabenhorst, Fuckel, and Fresenius 

 among these systematists. These were followed by Josef Schroeter, Gustav Lin- 

 dau, Georg Winter, Eduard Fischer, Walter Migula, Andreas Allescher, Hein- 

 rich Rehm, Paul Hennings, Paul and H. Sydow, Ernst Gauman, and a host of 

 others. Four rather recent publications in the German language contributed 

 greatly to the furtherance of the work in systematic mycology: Engler and 

 Prantl, Die natUrlichen Pflanzenfamilien (1887-1938), Rabenhorst, Kryptoga- 

 men-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz (1884-1938), Schroeter, 

 "Die Pilze Schlesiens" in Cohn, Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien and the great 

 Kryptogamen-Flora der Mark Brandenburg by Lindau and others (1905-1938). 

 Many of the mycologists listed above participated in the preparation of various 

 portions of these works. 



Centers of Mycological Work 



In Italy the systematic study of fungi began very actively about one hundred 

 years ago and has continued up to the present. In the first decade of the present 

 century we find that Dorfler's Botaniker Adresshuch (1909) lists 307 Italian 

 botanists, of whom 29 were noted as interested in mj^cology and 13 more in 

 plant pathology. The outstanding student in this field was Pier' Andrea Sac- 

 cardo (b. 1845, d. 1920). For a large portion of his active mycological career 

 he was Professor of Botany at the University of Padua. He became interested 

 in the fungi in the early seventies of the last century. He established the jour- 

 nal Michelia in 1876 and continued its publication until 1882, when the great 

 burden of writing the Sylloge caused him to cease piiblishing it. In Michelia 

 appeared very many of Saccardo's first mycological contributions. Early in 

 his mycological work he recognized that the descriptions of the fungi collected 

 in all parts of the world were scattered far and wide, in all sorts of publications, 

 such as local floras, monographs of genera, individual descriptions in various 

 scientific periodicals, or even in agricultural or horticultural journals. For 

 example, many of Berkeley's new species were described in Gardener's Chronicle. 

 Furthermore, these descriptions were in various languages — Latin, Italian, Ger- 

 man, French, English and others. Some were very brief, some very long drawn 

 out. Thus it was impossible, unless a very extensive library was easily accessible 



