STEERE: BRYOLOGY 271 



Nichols, 1908), Florida (Kurz and Little, 1933), Michigan (Steere, 1950), New 

 York (Grout, 1916; Schuster, 1949), Oregon (Sanborne, 1929), Ohio (Hender- 

 son, 1927-1931), Pennsylvania (Jennings, 1951), Tennessee and North Caro- 

 lina (Sharp, 1939), Vermont (Grout, 1898), and West Virginia (Ammons, 1940). 



An intensive search for new trade routes by various European governments 

 during the last century led to a series of explorations within the arctic regions, 

 which continued under various auspices and resulted in important bryological 

 discoveries. Among the important works on the bryology of arctic Europe and 

 Asia may be listed those of Arnell (1892), Arnell and Jensen (1907-1910), and 

 Brotherus (1923) for northernmost Scandinavia; of Lid (1924), Savicz and Ar- 

 nell (1947) for Novaya Zemlya; of Hesselbo (1918) and Meylan (1940) for Ice- 

 land; of Lid (1941) and Hesselbo (3924) for Jan Mayen Island; of Arnell 

 (1900), Berggren (1875), and Persson (1942) for Spitzbergen; of Savicz 

 (1936a), and St0rmer (1940) for Franz Josef Land; of Arnell (1913, 1917), 

 Lindberg and Arnell (1889-1890), and Savicz (1924) for the mainland of arctic 

 Asia, and of Savicz (1936a) for Severnaia Zemlya. 



Unfortunately, the bryological flora of Greenland lacks any unified treat- 

 ment later than the useful catalogue published by Lange and Jensen (1887), 

 although the more recent volumes of Meddelelser om Gr0nland contain many 

 important contributions to our knowledge of the bryophytes of Greenland. The 

 bryophytes of arctic America have received considerable attention, as evidenced 

 by the publications of Bryhn (1906-1907), Hesselbo (1937), Williams (1921), 

 Polunin (1948), and Steere (1948b, 1951). 



The continent of Asia still possesses many areas that are unknown bryologi- 

 cally, and no recent synoptical study of all Asiatic bryophytes exists. Many im- 

 portant reports covering different regions have been published, however, of which 

 outstanding examples are those of Brotherus (1892), and Woronoff (1930) on 

 the Caucasus; of Mitten (1859), Brotherus (1928), Kashyap (1929, 1932), Cho- 

 pra (1943), and Briihl (1931) on India; of Dixon (1937) on Assam; of Reimers 

 (1931) and Bartram (1935) on China; of Brotherus (1929) and of Nicholson, 

 Herzog and Verdoorn (1930), on southwest China; of Kabiersch (1936, 1937), 

 and of Chen (1941) on eastern Asia; of lishiba (1929-1932, 1931), Ilorikawa 

 (1934-1951), and Hattori (1951) on Japan; of Cardot (1905) on Formosa; of 

 Bartram (1943) on Burma; of Dixon (1935) on Siam; and of Bartram (1939) 

 on the Philippine Islands. 



The bryophyte flora of Malaysia has received much investigation, and sub- 

 stantial contributions have been made by Schiffner (1898) on the whole area; 

 by Schiffner (1900) and Fleischer (1904-1924) on Java; by Bartram (1942, 

 1945) on New Guinea; by Dixon (1932) on Sumatra and (1934) on the Celebes; 

 and by Herzog (1950) on Borneo. 



The bryological flora of Africa, like that of Asia, remains known only in 

 part, although numerous excellent studies on different regions, especially the 

 more temperate ones, have been published. From northern Africa and its islands 

 we can cite the works of Trabut (1942), Gattefosse and Werner (1932), Luisier 

 (1927, 1945), and the Allorges (]948). For southern Africa should certainly 

 be mentioned the outstanding works of Renauld and Cardot (1915) on Mada- 

 gascar and of Sim (1926) on South Africa. The bryology of Madagascar re- 

 cently received review by Jovet-Ast (1948a, 1948b). Only a very few major 



