STEERE: BRYOLOGY 273 



legge (1902-1905), no further general work has appeared, although important 

 original contributions have been made on different regions by Brotherus (cf. 

 Fleischer, 1929), Dixon (cf. Bartram, 1944), and others. 



Many of the islands of the various great oceans have been the subject of 

 bryological studies, of which illustrative examples are on the Seychelles (Dixon, 

 1929), Hawaii (Bartram, 1933b), Fiji (Bartram, 1936b, 1948, 1950), south- 

 eastern Polynesia (Bartram, 1940), Raiatca (Bartram, 1931b), Solomon Islands 

 (Bartram, 1938a), Tristan de Cunha (Dixon, 1939), Gilbert Islands (Dixon, 

 1927), Galapagos Islands (Bartram, 1933a), Juan Fernandez and Easter Island 

 (Brotherus, 1924a; Evans, 1930; Herzog, 1942). 



The limited space available for this review prevents the inclusion of nu- 

 merous important papers on the bryology of many parts of the world. However, 

 this fault may be remedied in large part by reference to the biographies and 

 bibliographies of the great investigators of exotic bryophyte floras, as Besche- 

 relle (cf. Camus, 1903), Britton (cf. Barnhart, 1935), Brotherus (cf. Fleischer, 

 1929), Cardot (cf. Theriot, 1935), Dixon (cf. Bartram, 1944), Evans (cf. Ni- 

 chols, 1938), Fleischer (cf. Verdoorn, 1931), Gottsche (cf. Husnot, 1893), Grout 

 (cf. Steere, 1948a), Loeske (cf. Jaggli, 1935), Mitten (cf. Nicholson, 1907), Paris 

 (cf. Husnot, 1911), Renauld (cf. Theriot, 1910), Spruce (cf. Stephani, 1894), 

 Stephani (cf. Beauverd, 1928), Sullivant (cf. Rodgers, 1940), and Williams (cf. 

 Steere, 1945). 



Monographic Studies 



In spite of the great advances made in floristic and geographic studies dur- 

 ing the last century, the preparation of critical monographic studies of differ- 

 ent genera and families of bryophytes has been greatly neglected, as pointed 

 out by Verdoorn (1934, 1950) and by Malta (1936). AVith too few specialists 

 and too little support of a field without direct economic implications as well 

 as lack of support for publication, purely systematic studies have suffered. Out- 

 standing monographic works, even on a regional basis, are conspicuous by their 

 relative rarity, and whole groups of bryophytes remain in utter confusion be- 

 cause of the large numbers of species described with little or no reference to 

 those already in existence. The classic older series of monographs on the mosses 

 of Europe, the Bryologia Europaea (Bruch, Schimper and Glimbel, 1836-1855), 

 has been reinforced by detailed treatments of the Funariaceae and Grimmiaceae 

 by Loeske (1929, 1930). Excellent monographic revisions of several families of 

 bryophytes of North America, covering the whole continent, have appeared in 

 Volumes 14, 15 and 15A of North American Flora, supported and published by 

 the New York Botanical Garden. Contributions on the Marchantiales by Howe 

 and Evans, on Sphagnum by Andrews, and on various families of mosses by 

 Britton, Williams and others — and more recently on the Orthotrichaceae and 

 Fissidentaceae by Grout — furnish indispensable aids to a knowledge of the bryo- 

 phytes of North America. Some examples of the other fundamental monographic 

 studies of the century (with special emphasis on the more recent ones) concern 

 Acromastigum (Evans, 1934), Bazzania (Fulford, 1946); Ceratolejeunea (Ful- 

 ford, 1945), Drepanolejeunea (Herzog, 1939), Frullaniaceae and Lejeuneaceae 

 Holostipae (Verdoorn, 1930, 1934), Micropterygium (Reimers, 1933), Plagio- 

 chila (Dugas, 1928; Carl, 1931; Herzog, 1932, 1938), Pycnolejeunea (Hoffman, 



