MANTON: PTERIDOLOGY 305 



which corresponds to our use of tlic word Pteridophyta, the following list: 



J^ILICALES 



1. Filices 



2. Ophioglossaceae 



3. Equisetaceae 



4. Marsiliaceae 



5. Lycopodiaceae under which are included Lycopodium, Selaginella, Isoetes, Phyllo- 



glossum, Psilotum. 



There is little morphology and no anatomy in Berkeley but the progress 

 made in these can be traced in the various editions of Sachs's great Textbook, 

 which first appeared in German in 1868 and sulisequently passed through nu- 

 merous editions, enlargements, and translations, dominating botanical teaching 

 for at least thirty years. Sachs's Textbook was the prelude, and doubtless also 

 the stimulus, to a great development in morphological botany which took place 

 at the end of the nineteenth century. At first this was dominated by the great 

 German morphologists, notably Goebel and De Bary. Goebel's Grundzilge der 

 Systcmatik was published in 1882 (Eng. trans., 1887, under the title, Outlines 

 of Classification and Special Morphology) as part of a fundamentally revised 

 fourth edition of Sachs. This was followed in 1897 by the first edition of the 

 Organographie, a Avork which subsequently passed through three editions dur- 

 ing its author's lifetime (3d ed. 1930), embodying and summarizing an enor- 

 mous amount of personal observation on the biological activity of Pteridophyta 

 and Bryophyta regarded as living organisms rather than as units in a taxonomic 

 system. Goebel also developed the experimental approach (1908), the subse- 

 quent history of which, accumulated over the century, will be found in Ver- 

 doorn (Williams, 1938) and more recently in Wetmore and Wardlaw (1951). 



In addition to his work in experimental morphology, Goebel's interest in de- 

 velopment led him, at an early date (1880, 1881) to an intensive study of the 

 development of pteridophyte sporangia in representatives of most of the main 

 groups, with the object of tracing in detail the origin of the sporogenous tissue. 

 In the course of this he introduced a number of new concepts which are still 

 retained in now familiar words, such as "archesporium." The division of the 

 Pteridophyta into "eusporangiate" and "leptosporangiate" types also dates from 

 this time, his grouping being as follows: 



I. LEPTOSPORANGIATES II. EUSPORANGIATES 



A. Filices A. Filices 



1. Homosporous 1. Marattiaceae 

 (Polypodiaceae, 2. Ophioglossaceae 

 Gleicheniaceae, B. Equisetales 

 Cyatheaceae, 1. Calamites 



etc.) 2. Equisetaceae 



2. Heterosporous C. Sphenophyllales 

 (Salviniaceae) DD. Lycopodiales 



B. Marsiliaceae 1. Lycopodiaceae — homosporous {Lycopodium) 



heterosporous {Lepidodendron, 



etc.) 



2. Psilotaceae 



3. Solaginellaceae 



4. Isoetaceae 



E. Gymnospermae 



F. Angiospermae 



