WEAVER: INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY AND HISTORICAL GEOLOGY 725 



showed the existence in the Coast Ranges of thousands of feet of folded marine 

 Cretaceous and late Jurassic sediments, the fossils of which were described by 

 W. M. Gabb and others. Later studies by T. "W. Stanton in 1895 showed that 

 these deposits extend northward to Shasta County. During the past fifty years 

 many important papers have been published by F. M. Anderson, with classifica- 

 tions of the sediments and descriptions of faunas. The Knoxville series, or lower 

 part of the sequence of beds, was assigned by him to the Upper Jurassic and the 

 remainder was considered to represent most of Cretaceous time. 



Tertiary: By 1850 the broad outlines of classification of the Tertiary of 

 Europe had been established but there were uncertainties concerning the base 

 and top in the Alpine region owing to the complicated structures and the lack 

 of diagnostic fossils. The memoirs of Galeotti in 1837 were followed by those of 

 Dumont in 1849-1852, in which the Belgian Tertiary was subdivided into eleven 

 stages, with the recognition of a series of i)aleontological zones. Lyell placed the 

 lower eight stages in the Eocene, tlie Boldericn in the ^Miocene, and the Diestien 

 and Scaldisien in the Pliocene. 



Prestwich in 1857, after a study of the Tertiary deposits in the Hampshire 

 and London basins, compared the different formations with those determined 

 in the Paris and Belgian areas and correlated the Thanet sands with the Heer- 

 sien, the London Clay with the Lower Ypresien of Belgium. In 1846 Phillipi, 

 after a study of the Tertiary fossils of Italy, pointed out that a number of living 

 species were present in the Pliocene but this was considered impossible by d'Or- 

 bigny and Agassiz, who regarded the fauna of each stage as an independent unit 

 of special creation. 



D'Orbigny in 1852 divided the Tertiary deposits of France into four stages, 

 naming them in downward succession as Subapennine, Falunien, Parisien, and 

 Suessonien, the last two being regarded by Lyell as Eocene. This classification 

 has been greatly modified and enlarged during the past one hundred years. 



The Tertiary deposits and their faunas in the Vienna Basin have been the 

 subject of special study for over a century. After the publications by Bronn 

 in 1837, d'Orbigny in 1846, and Reuss in 1848 these deposits w^ere intensively 

 investigated by Suess, whose important memoir in 1868 presented a detailed de- 

 scription of the Tertiary deposits between the Alps and the Manhart Range. 

 He made known the sequence of beds and their lithologic characters and showed 

 that the Eocene Nummulitic limestone is succeeded in turn by marls, clays, and 

 the Meletta shales, which form an important stratigraphic horizon from the Car- 

 pathians westward through the Alps and into southwestern Germany. Above 

 these in the Vienna Basin are freshwater beds of Eggenburg and Molt, which 

 are succeeded by the brackish-water Cyrena beds and marine clays and lime- 

 stones, which he referred to as the Mediterranean stage. These again are cov- 

 ered by brackish-water sands and clays, which are widely spread in the south of 

 Europe and designated as the Sarmatian stage. These in turn are followed by 

 the Congeria clays and conglomerates of freshwater origin, which he regarded 

 as having been deposited by streams flowing northward from the Alps. He called 

 these last beds the Pontic stage and referred them to the Pliocene. This impor- 

 tant investigation made possible the establishment of a parallel between the 

 Tertiary rocks of the entire Balkan area and the region eastward, in the vicinity 

 of the Black and Caspian seas. 



