REMINGTON: THE "APTERYGOTA" aqc 



entomology. The larger the group of beginners, the greater will be the number 

 of skilled amateurs to aid the professional and his institutions. 



6. In this next century, stress should be laid on quality of systematic pro- 

 duction rather than on quantity. The organisms in each group should be more 

 closely examined in search for better characters. Better methods of making ex- 

 positions of the nature of old and new species must be investigated. 



THE "APTERYGOTA" 



Charles L. Remington 

 Osborn Zoological Laljoratory, Yale University 



The primitively wingless hexapods of the insect-myriapod line of evolution 

 are still generally combined in what now appears to be a diverse and probably 

 unnatural assemblage. Studies of their biology and systematics have lagged far 

 behind such investigations of perhaps every other major group of the insects 

 and their relatives. Essentially the entire published record of our knowledge 

 of these "Apterygota" has appeared since the California Academy of Sciences 

 was founded, a century ago. At that time the Protura were unknown. The first 

 species of the Entotrophi had been recently described by Westwood. Not one 

 important paper dealing solely with Thysanura (s. str.) had been published, al- 

 though over forty species' names had been proposed by Linnaeus (from De 

 Geer), Fabricius, Nicolet, Savigny, Lucas, Burmeister, and others, with largely 

 useless descriptions. The Collembola were better known, through the substantial 

 works of De Geer, Templeton, Bourlet, Gervais, Nicolet, and Lucas. Nicolet had 

 described the internal and external morphology of Collembola, with many errors. 



Phylogenetic Relationships of "Apterygota" 



In 1853 all known "Apterygota" were usually grouped in a single order under 

 Latreille's name, Thysanura. Latreille had earlier placed the Thysanura {s. lat.) 

 with the Crustacea or with the Arachnida, but eventually (1825) he included 

 only the hexapods in the Insecta, which were arranged as follows: 



Class Insecta 



Section Aptera 



Order Thysanoura 



Family Lepismenae 

 Family Podurellao 

 Order Parasita (parasitic lice) 

 Order Siphonaptera 

 Section Alata 



Burmeister, in his great Handhuch der Entomologie (1838), had lumped all 

 the "neuropterous" and orthopterous insects in an order Gymnognatha, with ten 

 zunfte, of which the third was Thysanura with the families Poduridae and 

 Lepismatidae. In England and America a century ago the system probably used 



