CARPENTER: FOSSIL INSECTS 589 



Palaeodictyoptera. The first general survey of fossil insects was published at 

 this time by C. G. Giebel (1856), Die Insekten und Spi7inen der Vorwelt; this 

 was a systematic review of all known fossil insects. 



Shortly after this, in 1865, S. H. Scndder published the first of one hundred 

 thirty papers which were to appear on fossil insects before his death in 1910. 

 His contributions were by far the most important in the field. Most of his de- 

 scriptive accounts dealt with North American material but his more general 

 treatises were world-wide in scope. Included among the latter were his Classed 

 and Annotated Bibliography of Fossil Insects (1890) ; Index to the Known Fos- 

 sil Insects of the World (1891); and Systematic Review of Our Present Knowl- 

 edge of Fossil Insects (1890). His Tertiary Insects of North America (1890) is 

 on a par with Berendt's work on amber insects mentioned above. The discovery 

 of insects in the Carboniferous shales of Commentry, France, in 1875, led to a 

 notable contribution by C. Brongniart, Recherches pour servir a Vhistoire des 

 insect es fossiles des temps primaires (1894), in which the first specimens of giant 

 Protodonata were described. 



Shortly after the beginning of the present century, Handlirsch's Die Fos- 

 silen Insekten appeared (1906-1908). This, another classic in entomological lit- 

 erature, had a profound influence on the ordinal classification of insects in 

 general. His Revision des palaeozoischen Insekten (1919) and the posthumously 

 Neue Untersuchungen ilher die fossilen hisekten (1938-1939) were hardly more 

 than superficial reviews of the literature. The chapter on insect paleontology 

 which he contributed to Schroder's Handhuch der Entomologie (1921) and 

 which contained many highly imaginative restorations, is his best known work 

 on this subject. 



Although many other entomologists, in addition to Handlirsch, have pub- 

 lished on fossil insects during the past fifty years, only four have made insect 

 paleontology their major field of study. These are: T. D. A. Cockerell, who de- 

 scribed a great many insects from Tertiary deposits in Colorado, belonging to 

 nearly all orders; R. J. Tillyard, whose stimulating papers on Permian and Meso- 

 zoic insects and on insect phylogeny in general aroused the interest of ento- 

 mologists in these subjects: A. V. Martynov, whose investigations on Russian 

 material have added enormously to our knowledge of Permian and Jurassic in- 

 sects; and F. M. Carpenter, who has been chiefly concerned with the Carboni- 

 ferous and Permian insects of North America and with the evolution of insects 

 in general. In addition, mention should be made of A. Lameere, who, although 

 he published only a few papers on the subject, made a significant contribution 

 to general aspects of fossil insects. 



Many other entomologists, far too numerous to be mentioned here, have 

 made significant contributions on the geological history of particular groups of 

 insects. The following might be mentioned as examples only: W. M. Wheeler 

 (ants), C. T. Brues (parasitic Hymenoptera and phorid flies), F. Meunier (Dip- 

 tera), G. Ulmer (Trichoptera), C. P. Alexander (Tipulidae), H. F. Wickham 

 (Coleoptera), F. M. Hull (syrphid flies), F. E. Zeuner (Orthoptera), G. Statz 

 (Diptera), E. E. Bekker-Migdisova (Hemiptera), and B. B. Rohdendorf (Dip- 

 tera). In addition, a number of paleontologists have dealt with the insects of 

 certain formations, notably II. Bolton (Carboniferous of England), P. Pruvost 

 (Carboniferous of Belgium), and P. Guthorl (Carboniferous of Germany). 



