542 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES 



though Boisduval's contributions to the same series of the Papilionidae, Pieri- 

 dae, and Sphingidae are superseded. Herrich-Schaeffer's works were coming 

 out in the same period and supplied figures for many species. The three authors 

 referred more or less to each other, and in some cases no ordinary mortal can tell 

 which author should get credit for a given name, or which is the prior name 

 for a particular species. In the field of major classification each author has a 

 place, but Herrich-Schaeffer, with his more orderly tabulations and keys, has 

 had more influence on later work. Guenee was frequently inspired, but his 

 presentation is less clear, and his attempts to use larvae and biology for classifica- 

 tion were often unsuccessful. Walker was too hurried, and most later workers 

 have found it not worth the trouble to dig out the useful elements of his groupings. 



This was also the moment at which California appears on the map for Lepi- 

 doptera; for Lorquin went out there in the famous year 1849. By 1852 he had 

 turned back from gold mining to entomology and was sending material to Bois- 

 duval in France. He ranged from Oregon and the Apache country to ''Los Angelos 

 en Sonora," and the results appeared chiefly in Boisduval's two Lepidopteres 

 de la Calif ornie and the "Extrait d'une lettre de ]\I. Lorquin sur la faune de la 

 Calif ornie" {B^dl. Entorn. Soc. France, 1856, p. 98). The noctuids, geometers, 

 and pyralids were turned over to Guenee for the Suites a Buffon. 



The rest of the half-century was a great period for collecting and describ- 

 ing in all parts of this country, till by 1900 we had a pretty good idea of the 

 North American macros. It is not possible even to list the names — in the East 

 there must have been a hundred workers who made real contributions, in the 

 Rocky Mountain area Snow possibly stood above the others, in Texas Belfrage, 

 on the West Coast Hy Edwards. To me, personally, the outstanding figure was 

 F. G. Sanborn, whose collection, much faded by thirty years of exhibition but 

 still intact, was my first introduction to a real collection of moths. 



The material collected at this time was worked up by a series of persons, 

 many of them more or less specialists. The bible for the butterflies, sphinges, 

 and bombyces for much of the period was Morris' Synopsis of the Lepidoptera 

 of North America, published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1862. It was 

 intended to follow this with studies of the other groups, but only the Geometri- 

 dae (still "Phalaenidae"), by Packard, actually got published, by the United 

 States Geological Survey in 1876. Packard also continued to work on the "Bom- 

 byces," and the Notodontidae, Saturniidae, and Citheroniidae, including most 

 of the caterpillars, were finally published by the National Academy of Sciences 

 in very luxurious form. The rest of the plan, however, disintegrated. The Noc- 

 tuidae eventually fell to Smith when he came to work at the United States Na- 

 tional Museum, and quite a few fragments were published, mostly after the 

 end of the century; while the micros, which were Fernald's portion, were repre- 

 sented by the crambids and pterophorids, published by the State of Massachu- 

 setts, and by a bibliographic catalogue of the Tortricidae, which appeared in the 

 Transactions for 1882. 



This was the period when the butterflies became a major specialty. In addition 

 to innumerable scattered papers, the principal manuals were by Morris, his Syn- 

 opsis, already mentioned, by French and others, culminating in the great works of 

 W. H. Edwards (1868-1884) and Scudder (1889), with their rich illustration 

 and vast data on early stages, Edwards mainly on the western, Scudder only 



