ALEXANDER: DIPTERA 581 



other students including Brongniart (1878), Forster (1891), Giebel (1862), 

 Heer (1849-1865), Heyden (1870), Meunier (1892-1917), Oustalet (1870), No- 

 vak (1877), Scudder (1890-1894), and others. 



The first catalogues of Diptera, covering various regions appeared, including 

 Osten Sacken (1858; 1878) for North America, van der Wulp (1896) for south- 

 ern Asia, Reed (1888) for Chile, and others. An outstanding event of the period 

 was the publication of Scudder 's NomencJator ZooJogicus (1882). Important 

 general texts include those of Comstock and Packard, 



Third Period, 1903-1953 



At the very end of the preceding period, the discovery that certain blood- 

 sucking insects and other arthropods carried diseases of man and other animals, 

 focused attention sharply on the various families of Diptera that might be in- 

 volved, including the Psychodidae {Phlehotomus) , Ceratopogonidae {CuUcoi- 

 des), Culicidae, Simuliidae, Tabanidae, and various muscoids, and including 

 also, because of its habits, the housefly. There followed intensive work on all of 

 these groups from every possible aspect. These initial studies led to the publi- 

 cation of monographic works on mosquitoes by Theobald (1901-1910) and by 

 Howard, Dyar and Knab (1912-1917), as well as a multitude of other papers 

 and reports on the group, chiefly by Blanchard, Coquillett, Cristophers, Dyar, 

 Giles, Goeldi, Graham, Peryassu, and others of the earlier period, and by Bar- 

 raud. Bonne, Bonne-Wepster, Costa Lima, Edwards, Evans, Lang, Lutz, Mar- 

 tini, Matheson, Newstead, Patton, Shannon, Taylor, Wesenberg-Lund, and others 

 of the intermediate period. At a still later date, especially during and after 

 the recent war, a host of younger students have almost completely revolutionized 

 our knowledge of mosquitoes, particularly from the tropics. Similarly, in the 

 other groups of blood-sucking flies above mentioned, many capable workers have 

 advanced our knowledge far beyond that of most other groups of Diptera that 

 are not of medical importance. It is a matter of regret that restrictions of space 

 prevent the listing of such students. 



In the field of general dipterous taxonomy, the period likewise produced 

 numerous workers. Some of these, particularly in the earlier years when the 

 number of described species was still not excessive, were able to study certain 

 families for the entire earth, while others were able to name many of the com- 

 mon flies of a more restricted area. There remain only a few such broad students 

 of the order and we definitely have entered a period when specialization seems 



required. 



Among those students who have descriljed species in both suborders of Dip- 

 tera are the following: Abreu, Aldrich, d'Andretta, Austen, Pereira Barretto, 

 Becker, Bezzi, Brunetti, Coquillett, Curran, Duda, Enderlein, Engel, Fairchild, 

 Frey, Johnson, Knab, Lutz, Mackerras, Malloch, Matsumura, de Meijere, de 

 Meillon, Pritchard, Seguy, Shannon, Shiraki, Stone, Strobl, Taylor, Verrall, Wil- 

 liston, Wirth, and some others. 



Some of the leading workers on the taxonomy of the Nematocera include the 

 following: Abonnenc, Alexander, Barnes, Borel, Brug, Causey, Damasceno, 

 Dampf, Doane, Dyar, Felt, Floch, Fox, Freeman, Goetghebuer, Hertig, Hoff- 

 man, Holmgren, Ingram, Johannsen, Kieffer, Kitakami, Komp, Lackschewitz, 



