582 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES 



Landrock, Lane, Lee, Lengersdorf, Lundstrom, Maefie, Mangabeira, Mannheims, 

 Martini, Natvig, Parrot, Pierre, Riedel, Eogers, Rozeboom, Sasa, Satchell, Shaw, 

 Smart, Theodore, Tokiinaga, Tonnoir, Townes, Vargas, West, and many others. 



The chief students of the Braehyeera and Cyclorrhapha include among 

 others : Aczel, Arias Encobet, Aubertin, Bau, Bequaert, Bromley, Brooks, Brues, 

 Carrera, Cole, Collin, Cortes, Cresson, Czerny, Duda, Efflatoun, van Emden, Fer- 

 guson, Ferris, Fluke, Goffe, Hall, Hallock, D. E. Hardy, G. H. Hardy, Hendel, 

 Hennig, Hering, Hermann, Hesse, Hine, Huckett, Hull, James, Karl, Kertesz, 

 Krober, Lichwardt, Lindner, Lundbeck, Melander, Metcalf, Miller, Munro, New- 

 stead, Oldenberg, Oldroyd, Olsuf'ev, Pantel, Paramonow, Parent, Patterson, 

 Patton, Philip, Pleske, Reinhard, Ricardo, Ringdahl, Sabrosky, Sack, Schmitz, 

 Schuurmans-Steklioven, van Schuytbroeck, de Souza Lopes, Speiser, Stackel- 

 berg, Stein, Steyskal, Stuardo, Surcouf, Szilady, Townsend, Villeneuve, Zia, and 

 many more. 



Great progress was made in the study of dipterous morphology, biology (in- 

 cluding genetics), and embryology. In morphology, outstanding w^ork was ac- 

 complished by Crampton (1909-1943), Ferris and his students, and Snodgrass 

 (1909-date). A detailed bibliography is provided by Crampton (1942). Studies 

 of certain body regions include the head and mouthparts by Peterson, the ptili- 

 num by Laing (1935), the thorax by Snodgrass and Young, the pretarsus by 

 Holway, and virtually all structures of the body by Crampton. Detailed mor- 

 phological studies of specific insect types include papers by Williams on the 

 Tanyderidae, and by Bromley on the Tabanidae. In wing venation, the basic 

 studies begun by Comstock and Needham at the close of the preceding period 

 culminated in the major work by Comstock (1918). Modifications of the Com- 

 stock-Needham system were proposed by Alexander, Bromley-Shannon, Goffe, 

 G. H. Hardy, Lower, Seguy-Vignon, and others. Recent important texts 

 have appeared covering the general subject by Berlese (1909-1925), Comstock, 

 Imms (1925), Tillyard (1926), and others; on morphology by Snodgrass (1935) ; 

 physiology by Wigglesworth (1939, 1950); and embryology by Hagan (1951) 

 and Johannsen and Butt (1941). 



In biology, very numerous papers on the immature stages were published, 

 these being summarized in full by Hennig, 3 volumes (1948-1952). Some of 

 the more important works on dipterous biology included those of Alexander 

 (1920) ; Chu (1949) ; Demerec, on DrosopMa (1950) ; Fabre (1913) ; Johannsen, 

 on aquatics (1905-1937) ; Malloch (1917) ; Melin (1923) ; Miall, Peterson (1951) ; 

 Phillips (1946); Rogers (1926-date); Thienemann, on aquatics (1914-1921); 

 Usinger and LaRivers, on aquatics (1948); Wood (1952), and many others. 



In genetics, the importance of certain flies, especially Drosophila, and to a 

 lesser extent Sciara, has produced an almost unparalleled amount of research by 

 many students, including two Nobel prize winners, Morgan and Muller. Other 

 leading workers are Bridges, Metz, Patterson, Sturtevant, Beadle, and others. 



Research on fossil Diptera was stimulated by the appearance of the major 

 work by Handlirsch, Die Fossilen Insekten (1906-1908). Particular attention 

 was devoted to the Florissant and the Baltic Amber (Bernstein-Forschungen, 

 1929-), by Alexander, Andree, Brues, Cockerell, Edwards, and others. 



Marked impetus was provided in the study of the order by the appearance 

 of various catalogues, manuals, and faunal treatments. 



