TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION 



73 



Epiorella frequently occurs in cooler waters than does 

 Epiplocylis, often, in the tropics, being in deep water at 

 lower than surface temperatures. It frequently occurs in 

 dense swarms where nearly all the Tintinnoina are oi one 

 species. 



Four species arc described here. 



Epiorella acuta Kofoid and Campbell 

 Epiplocylis acuta Kofoid and Campbell. 1929, pp. 175-176, fig. 

 3--- 



The short, distinctly subcorneal lorica, with free lines on 

 the upper half, has a length of 1.6 oral diameters. The low 

 sudoral cuff surrounds the oral rim. The cup flares (87 ) 

 within the anterior 0.1 oral diameter, and its free edge forms 

 a ledge with a diameter of 1.22 oral diameters; a trough 

 separates cuff and ledge. The cup tapers (7 ) in the upper 

 half ami then becomes convex conical (65 ); the diameter 

 at the level of change is 0.89 oral diameter. The aboral 

 horn is short (0.22 oral diameter), conical (25 ), and 

 sharply pointed. 



The thin wall (0.02 oral diameter) has laminae with en- 

 closed small alveoles. The cuff is hyaline, the ledge and cup 

 denser. The upper bowl (0.45 total length) has 64 free 

 lines, which are commonly interrupted, anastomosed, and 

 generally vertical. The lower section has large pentagonal 

 areas with heavy walls and sunken enclosures. 



Length, 72U. 



Epiorelln acuta resembles most closely E. ralumensis, but 

 it has a region of free lines well differentiated, whereas 

 ralumensis has a fully reticulated surface. The aboral end 

 and horn are longer in ralumensis. Epiorella curta is also 

 conical, but has scarcely any horn. 



Recorded from nineteen stations in the Pacific, as follows: 

 two (36, 38) in the Pacific equatorial region, thirteen (40, 



41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77) in the Galapagos 

 region, two (49, 85) in the region of South Pacific island 

 fields, one (108) in the North Pacific trade region, and one 

 ( 1 1 3 ) in the North Pacific middle latitudes. 



There are 22 pump and 15 net samples, of which 14 were 

 taken at the surface, 12 at 50 meters, and 11 at 100 meters. 

 Maximum frequency, 54 per cent at station 70; other records 

 above minimum (2 to 10 per cent) from stations 38, 40, 41, 



42, 69, 71, 74, 113; average in net samples, 8.9 per cent; in 

 pump samples there were 1 to 128 loricae, average 9.8. 



Temperature: pump samples i2?73~26?54 (i9?8o), net 

 samples i4?55~27?94 (20?24). Salinity: pump samples 

 31.62-36.17 (35-49). net samples 32.88-36.25 (34.99). Den- 

 sity: pump samples 20.34-26.28 (23.08), net samples 21.31- 

 26.28 (24.63). pH: pump samples 7.85-8.25 (8.04), net 

 samples 7.68-8.89 (8.10). 



Epiorella brandti Kofoid and Campbell 



Epiplocylis brandti Kofoid and Campbell, 1929, p. 177, fig. 324. 



The short, rather stout, wide lorica, with free lines limited 

 to the upper third, has a length of 1.18 oral diameters. The 

 erect suboral cuff surrounds the thin oral rim. The cup 



flares (70°) with a narrow ledge the diameter of which is 

 1 . 1 1 oral diameters. It is separated from the cuff by a 

 shallow trough. The lower part of the cup is convex conical 

 (18 in the anterior half and increasing from 6o° to ioo° in 

 the lower section)- The aboral horn is short (0.1 oral 

 diameter) and conical (18 ), and its free tip is sharp. 



The suboral cuff is finely reticulated with minute primary 

 alveoles, the ledge is dense, and the cup proper translucent. 

 The wall is 0.02 oral diameter in thickness across the cup. 

 The free lines are about 30 in number, but some anastomose 

 and all are more or less crooked in course. The lower two- 

 thirds of the cup is reticulated, as is the horn, with large, 

 prevailingly pentagonal meshes, the walls oi which arc raised 

 above the enclosed material. The horn, as in other species, 

 is solid. 



Length, 59 to 70^. 



Epiorella brandti has free lines and a less saccular bowl 

 than E. reticulata. Its bowl is not so definitely conical nor 

 its horn so long as in E. acuta or E. ralumensis. None of the 

 species in this collection resembles E. frcymadli of the Indian 

 Ocean. 



Recorded from twelve stations in the Atlantic, as follows: 

 two (2, 16) in the Gulf Stream, two (17, 18) in the Sargasso 

 Sea, six (22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27) in the Atlantic equatorial 

 region, and two (31, 33) in the Caribbean Sea. 



There are 5 pump and 13 net samples, of which 1 was 

 taken at the surface, 9 at 50 meters, and 8 at 100 meters. 

 Frequency, 2 per cent at stations 2, 17, 18, 26, 27; other 

 records all minimum; averages, 1.2 loricae and 1.6 per cent 

 in pump and net samples, respectively. 



Temperature: pump samples, 23?i2-28?25 (25?73), net 

 samples i4?6o-26?04 (20^73). Salinity: pump samples 

 35.90-36.25 (36.09), net samples 35.70-36.81 (36.39). Den- 

 sity: pump samples 23.23-24.67 (23.94), net samples 23.98- 

 26.07 (25.55). pH: pump samples 8.14-8.30 (8.22), net 

 samples 7.93-8.30 (8.26). 



Epiorella curta Kofoid and Campbell 

 Epiplocylis carta Kofoid and Campbell, 1929, p. 178, fig. 319. 



The short, saccular lorica, with clear-cut free lines on the 

 upper half, has a length of 1.73 oral diameters. The thin 

 oral margin is surrounded by the low, incurved suboral cuff. 

 The cup or bowl flares (30 ) within the anterior 0.14 oral 

 diameter, and its diameter at the free end is nearly 1.2 oral 

 diameters. It is separated from the cuff by a shallow trough. 

 The section below has a length of 0.91 oral diameter and its 

 diameter at the lower end is 1.09 oral diameters. The lower 

 end of the bowl is subhemispherical (87 ), with very full, 

 distinctly convex sides. The short (0.18 oral diameter), 

 conical (40°) aboral horn is sharply pointed. 



The cuff is hyaline, and the bowl, especially around the 

 flaring region, is denser. The wall has a thickness of 0.02 

 oral diameter or less. The upper half has about 40 longi- 

 tudinal, commonly anastomosing free lines, and the lower 

 bowl has an irregular meshwork of prevailingly pentagonal 

 deep areas, as does also the horn. 



Length, 761.1. 



