CONTENTS xxi 



CHAPTER LXXI 



Past Distribution of Animals 538 



Fossils — Stages in fossilization — Geological ages — ^Geological time scale — 

 Metamorphism — Animals of the past. 



CHAPTER LXXII 

 Evolution of Animals 544 



History of evolution — Evidences of evolution — Causes of evolution — 

 Methods of evolution — Evolutionary series. 



CHAPTER LXXIII 

 Inheritance in Organisms 555 



Organisms from the genetic viewpoint — Determiners or genes — Behavior of 

 chromosomes in maturation and fertilization — Effect of chromosonae reduc- 

 tion — Allelomorphs — Mendel — Mendelism — Hybrids — Distribution of char- 

 acteristics in hybrids — Checkerboard diagrams — Multiple hybrids — Actual 

 cases — Breeding the test for characters — Variations in inheritance — • 

 Breeding for certain characteristics — Inbreeding and crossbreeding — Inherit- 

 ance of acquired characters — Inheritance of disease and abnormalities — 

 Sex determination — Twins — Determination of sex in parthenogenesis — Sex- 

 linked characters — Linkage and crossing over — Eugenics. 



CHAPTER LXXIV 



Classification of Animals 570 



History — Species — Polymorphism — Basis of classification — Basis of nomen- 

 clature — Rules of nomenclature — Phyla — Phylogenetic tree. 



CHAPTER LXXV 

 History of Zoology 578 



Greeks — Dark ages — Vesalius — Harvey — Microscopists — Comparative anat- 

 omy — Physiology — Cell theory — Embryology — Taxonomy — Evolution and 

 genetics — Pasteur — Recent advances. 



Glossary 585 



Index 615 



