ANTHROPOID APES AND MAN 453 



455. Fossil Men. — There are several extinct races whose fossilized 

 bones seem clearly to indicate their human character and which, there- 

 fore, have all been placed in the genus Homo. The first of these is 

 known as the Heidelberg man, since the bones were found near Heidel- 

 berg, Germany. In some ways the parts which have been found are 

 quite different from those of modern man but the teeth are distinctly 

 human. A second type is the Piltdown man, named for the locality in 

 England near which the bones have been secured. This race combined 

 both primitive and advanced characteristics. The jaw is apeUke but 

 the cranium is human in form, lacking the prominent ridges found on the 

 skull of the ape. With these remains have been found crudely shaped 

 flints which indicate a primitive culture. A third primitive race has 

 been found, known as the Neanderthal man (Fig. 3485). This race 

 lived later than did the Piltdown man but in the character of the skull 

 has a greater resemblance to the apes than has the latter. Also there 

 is less curvature of the spine than in modern man, a fact which would 

 seem to indicate a less erect position. The arms were powerful, the 

 hands large, and the thigh bone was much curved. The Neanderthal 

 man was a cave dweller and the bones of men of this race have been 

 found in Europe accompanied by worked flints, bones of animals, and 

 indications of the use of fire. 



None of these races has been referred to the same species as modern 

 man. Homo sapiens Linnaeus. The character of the skeletons of the 

 Cro-Magnon race (Fig. 348C) has, however, led to its inclusion in this 

 modern species, since physically and mentally it seems to have been 

 the equal of primitive existing races of mankind. The Cro-Magnons, 

 who probably lived in Europe not more than 20,000 years ago, are 

 believed to have produced dra^\^ngs and paintings now existing on the 

 walls of European caverns. They worked flint and bone and seemed to 

 have possessed weapons such as the spear and harpoon. The brain was 

 large in comparison with the earlier races and compares favorably with 

 that of modern man. The Cro-Magnons have been generally looked 

 upon as the forerunners of the present human race. 



456. Present-day Man. — Today man has spread throughout the 

 world, having adjusted himself to practically every climatic condition. 

 Three primary types have been generally distinguished: (1) The Negroid 

 type is characterized by kinky hair; dark skin; a broad, flat nose; thick 

 lips; prominent eyes; and large teeth. (2) The Mongolian type has 

 coarse, straight hair; yellowish skin; a broad face with prominent cheek 

 bones; a small nose; narrow, sunken eyes; and teeth of moderate size. 

 (3) The Caucasian type has fine, soft, straight hair; light-colored skin; 

 a well-developed beard; a prominent, narrow nose; small teeth; and is 

 without prominent cheek bones. 



