CHAPTER LXXIV 



CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS 



TAXONOMY 



Taxonomy is that field of zoology which deals with the classification 

 and nomenclature of animals. It has often been referred to, especially in 

 the past, as systematic zoology. A number of matters properly belonging 



Fig. 392. — Carolus Linnaeus, 1707-1778, at the age of forty. {From Shull, "Principles 

 of Animal Biology," by courtesy of the New York Botanical Garden, and of McGraw-Hill 

 Book Company, Inc.) 



to this field were considered in Chap. XIV, and while they should be 

 reviewed in connection with this subject they will not be repeated here. 

 615. History. — The first known systematic arrangement of animals 

 is that of Aristotle, who divided the animal kingdom into the Enaema, 

 or blood-holding animals, which included forms with red blood; and the 

 Anaema, or bloodless animals, which included all the rest. Each of 

 these categories contained four groups, all of which were founded on 

 superficial characteristics. Following the revival of learning and the 

 era of discovery at the end of the Dark Ages, an enormous number of new 

 species of animals from all corners of the earth became known. Aristotle's 



570 



