324 W. HOVANITZ 



Papilionidae inhabit America from 68° N. Lat. to 35° S. Lat., and 

 range to their highest elevations (4,000-5,000 meters) in the lati- 

 tudes 35° N. to 49° N. only. South of 35° N. Lat., the elevation drops 

 ofif to less than 3,000 meters, south of 10° S. Lat. to 2,000 meters, 

 and south of 20° S. Lat. to 1 ,000 meters. This distribution indicates 

 a large tropical group of Papilionidae that does not exist in the 

 higher, colder parts of the Andes, and also indicates a northern 

 group that exists in the far north and in the mountains of the tem- 

 perate zone. This northern group apparently has not been able to 

 extend southward into the mountains of the tropical regions. 



The Pieridae on the other hand have a wider range, extending 

 from 82° N. Lat. to 55° S. Lat. — the entire possible range of land. 

 They also inhabit the largest part of available elevations at all 

 points, and are absent primarily only from the higher elevations in 

 the extreme north and south. For further understanding of this 

 group one must study its constituents in the following charts. 



The Danaidae occupy primarily a centralized tropical position, 

 from 40° N. Lat. to 30° S. Lat., and occur at high elevations only in 

 the equatorial regions. Summer extensions of range are shown by 

 white bars to 55° N. Lat. and to 55° S. Lat. 



The Morphidae are indicated to be even more tropical, as they 

 probably do not reach the Tropic of Cancer and extend little beyond 

 the Tropic of Capricorn. Within these limits, however, they range 

 locally up to 3,000 meters. The range in the south (to 28° S.) is 

 greater than in the north (to 20° N.). 



The Satyridae are indicated to have a very complex distribution, 

 covering most available habitats from north to south and at all 

 elevations. In distribution they resemble the Pieridae, but they do 

 not extend quite so far north. 



The distribution of the Brassolidae is shown to be almost equiva- 

 lent to that of the Morphidae, as each is wholly tropical. As for 

 certain other tropical groups, the distribution of this family ranges 

 upward to 3,000 meters and farther southward than northward. 



The Nymphalidae are a large group, with a range equivalent to 

 that of the Pieridae in both elevation and latitude, but they usually 

 do not extend so high in the equatorial regions. 



The Erycinidae are largely tropical, but extend northward to 

 50° N. Lat. and southward to 35° S. Lat., and upward to 3,000 meters 

 in the broad center of the range. This family thus has a range similar 



