DISTRIBUTION OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE NEW WORLD 325 



to that of the Danaidae, Morphidae, and BrassoHdae, except for the 

 greater north-south distribution. 



The Lycaenidae occupy a strangely tropical-appearing range, but 

 extend to 82° N. and to 40° S. Lat. In the equatorial regions they 

 range up to 5,000 meters, and from 45° N. to 15° S. they continuously 

 extend up to 4,000 meters. These ranges must be studied individually 

 by analyzing their constituents, since some forms in the group are 

 clearly cold-adapted. 



Observation of the charts as a whole shows that members of the 

 Pieridae, Nymphalidae, and Lycaenidae extend farther to the north 

 than do any other families. The first two are joined by the Satyridae 

 in extending to the southern tip of South America. There are, by 

 the way, no butterflies in Antarctica. 



The Lycaenidae equal the Pieridae and the Nymphalidae in 

 northernmost range, and in southernmost range nearly equal those 

 families, as well as the Satyridae and the summer migrants of the 

 Danaiidae. Next in order of northernmost occurrence are the Satyri- 

 dae and the Papilionidae, each of which nearly reaches to 70° N. 

 Lat. The Satyridae extend all the way to the tip of South America, 

 along with the Nymphalidae and the Pieridae, but do not extend so 

 far north. All the other families have much more restricted north- 

 south distributional ranges, and should be considered tropical in 

 their entirety. 



The same families that extend far into the north and south lati- 

 tudes are also found at high elevations in the mountains of the middle 

 latitudes of North America: the Papilionidae, the Pieridae, the 

 Satyridae, the Nymphalidae, and the Lycaenidae. Contrary to 

 expectation, these families are not necessarily the same ones that 

 are found at the highest elevations in the mountains of the equatorial 

 belt, here treated and charted as from 20° N. Lat. to 20° S. Lat. 

 Instead, some of the purely tropical families exceed the northern 

 ones in elevation in this belt, where they occupy cold zones high in 

 the mountains. For example, the tropical Danaidae exist up to 4,000 

 meters in a broad equatorial belt, where the Papilionidae do not 

 exceed 3,000 meters. Elevations reached by the Papilionidae, the 

 Satyridae, and the Nymphalidae are considerably higher in the 

 middle latitudes of North America than in the central equatorial 

 latitudes. 



Of the six families with resident examples in the northern lati- 



