DISTRIBUTION OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE NEW WORLD 343 



with panequatorial distributions that extend far into the temperate 

 zones. These are the Ocypete, Renata, and Hermes groups. 



The restricted range (15°-20° N. Lat. at 1,000-2,000 meters sug- 

 gests that the genus Pindus is a relict group similar to Baronia. 

 Cyllopsis has a similar distribution but extends from 10° to 25° N 

 Lat. and from 1,000 to v3,000 meters in elevation. Oressinoma ex- 

 tends from 10° N. Lat. to 20° S. Lat. Paramecera is restricted to the 

 same general area as Pindus (17° to 25° N. Lat. and 1.000-2.000 

 meters elevation). It too suggests a relict group. 



Satyrodes, Coenonympha, Neominois, Cercyonis, Oeneis, and 

 Erebia are all northern genera that have no contact with the tropics. 

 The charts show typical histograms of forms with cold-temperature 

 tolerances, by increasing in elevation in the south. In distribution 

 these northern forms are somewhat duplicated south of the equator 

 by Argyrophorus, Cosmosatyrus, Tetraphlebia, Faunida, Neosatyrus, 

 Neomaenus, Epinephele, Elina, and Eteona. No other family has 

 developed so many genera south of the equator. It may be assumed 

 that they developed from tropical relatives independently of 

 northern genera. 



Many of the genera (perhaps not good ones) have very restricted 

 distributions in equatorial habitats. Many have very restricted 

 altitudinal ranges as well; for example: 



Manerebia, 15°-20° S. Lat., 2,000-3,000 meters 



Indioneura, 5° N. Lat., -0° 2,000-3,000 meters 



Pseudomaniola, 15°-20°S. Lat., 3,500-5,000 meters 



Calisto, 16°-27.5° N. Lat., 0-2,000 meters 



Pseudosteroma, 5° N. Lat. -15° S. Lat., (discontinuously?) 2,000- 



3,000 meters 

 Steremnia, 10° N. Lat. -15° S. Lat., (discontinuously?) 2,000-3,000 



meters 

 Gyrocheilus, 13°-35° N. Lat., 2,000-3,000 meters 

 Eretris, 10° N. Lat., -5° S. Lat. 2,000-4,000 meters 

 Daedalma, 10° N. Lat.. -15° S. Lat. 2,000-3,500 meters 

 Polymastus, 5° N. Lat., -10° S. Lat. 2,500-3,500 meters 



The great prevalence of restricted, narrowly ranging genera in the 

 Andes suggests a center of rapid divergence of these forms in the 

 area. This may not have been the center of origin of the family, but 

 almost certainly has been a secondary center of origin for many 

 genera. 



The northern genera of the family have affinities with Asia, and 



