344 W. HOVANITZ 



it is possible that these have had their origin there, and that the 

 tropical forms of the family have been derived secondarily from 

 these (or from their ancestors). From existing distributions, it is not 

 possible to decide in which direction the migrations went. The 

 systematics of the remaining groups (Figs. 8-12) are too uncertain 

 to warrant extended discussion. 



Brassolidae (Fig. 12) 



All nine genera of the Brassolidae are equatorial, although as usual 

 for distributions of this type the ranges extend farther south (to 30° 

 S. Lat.) than north (to 20° N. Lat.). The altitudinal range is only to 

 2,000 meters, except in a restricted part of the range of Caligo. The 

 origin of the group is to be regarded as tropical since there are no 

 indications of affinities elsewhere. 



Nymphalidae (Figs. 12-16) 



This huge family is not exceeded in its diversity by any other, 

 and it is equaled in its distributional range only by the Pieridae. 

 Many of the subfamilies are wholly tropical, but others are northern. 

 Some of the most interesting distributions are found in this family. 

 The distributional range, as in the Pieridae, is from 82° N. Lat. to 

 55° S. Lat. and from sea level to 5,000 meters in elevation. 



The four subfamilies are not of equal size or character. The three 

 smaller ones are tropical, or nearly so, and the larger one has the 

 same distributional range as the family itself. The Acreinae are 

 represented by only one genus, which has an equatorial range from 

 20° N. Lat. to 30° S. Lat. and an altitudinal range to 3,000 meters. 



Actinote provides no exception to the rule already indicated for 

 other groups that the ranges of equatorial species often extend 

 farther south than north. 



The Heliconiinae are another equatorial subfamily, larger than the 

 preceding, with five genera. Three of these extend slightly beyond the 

 confines of the equatorial belt, one as far as 35° N. Lat. and 35° S. 

 Lat. Except for Metamorpha these exist as high as 2,000-3,000 

 meters in elevation. Heliconius, Eulides, Colaenis, and Dione have 

 the full range from north to south ; the range of Metamorpha ceases 

 at Panama (10° N. Lat.) as is typical of the range of many southern 

 genera. 



The Clothildinae are represented by one genus, Clothilda, having a 



