CERAMBYCID BEETLE FAUNA 305 



and Vacciniiim and their modern counterparts are largely hosts of 

 Vancouveran Cerambycidae with northern affinities. Regularly 

 associated with these plants are fossil species that find their nearest 

 relatives in the temperate, summer-wet eastern portions of North 

 America and Asia. In the East American Element are fossil species in 

 genera no longer indigenous to the region west of the Rocky Moun- 

 tains, such as Carya, Carpinus, Castanea, Fagiis, Liqiiidamhar , 

 Nyssa, Taxodmm, and Ulmus, whose closest counterparts are now 

 found in eastern North America and serve as hosts for Alleghenian 

 Cerambycidae. Also included in this element are fossil species 

 of genera such as Acer, Betula, Crataegus, Fraxinus, Popiilus, 

 Prunus, Smilax, Quercus, and Vaccinium which have their nearest 

 relatives in eastern North America. Members of the East Asian 

 Element are distributed in Ailanthus, Cercidiphyllum, Ginkgo, 

 Keteleeria, Metasequoia, and Pterocarya, genera no longer indigenous 

 to North America; in species of Carya, Ilamamelis, Hydra?igea, 

 Ostrya, Lindera, Sassafras, and other genera that are represented 

 also in eastern North America; and in certain fossil species of 

 Acer, Abies, Picea, Populus, Quercus, and Prunus, which have 

 their nearest homologues in the temperate forests of eastern Asia. 

 Another important modern ecological type, the Woodland 

 formation, with dominant live oaks and such associated conifers as 

 pinyon pine, juniper, and digger pine, according to Axelrod, makes 

 up a prominent part of the Madro-Tertiary Flora, which ranged 

 widely over southwestern North America in middle and later 

 Tertiary times. Members of the Sierra Madrean Element have 

 their nearest equivalent species in summer-wet areas extending 

 from the Cape region of Baja California across the Sierra Madre 

 of eastern and western Mexico and into the southwestern United 

 States. This element includes plants that are no longer represented 

 generically in California, Nevada, or Colorado, such as Bumelia, 

 Clethra, Eysenhardtia, Ilex, Pistacia, Rohinia, Sapindus, Ungnadia, 

 and Zanthoxylum, as well as certain species of Arbutus, Cupressus, 

 Forestiera, Fraxinus, Populus, Quercus, and Rhiis that now have 

 their closest homologues in areas with summer rains and mild 

 winters. The California Woodland Element, with species in such 

 genera as Celtis, Juglans, Lyonothamnus , Platanus, Pinus, Populus, 

 Prunus, Quercus, and Umbellularia, finds its nearest relatives 

 making up living California woodland associations. Cerambycidae 



