360 W. HOVANITZ 



In the Nymphalidae (Fig. 12-16), 25 of the 70 included genera are 

 neither fully panequatorial (38) nor northern (7). The Panamanian 

 10° N. Lat. limit disqualifies only 3 genera, Metamorpha, Cybielus, 

 and Agrias, from the panequatorial category. Others having narrow 

 distribution are Gnathotriche, Lucinia, Peria, Balboneura, Libythinia, 

 Batesia, Morpheis, and Caenophlebia with 5° limits; Vila and Poly- 

 grapha with 10° limits; Napeodes and Megistanis with 15° limits; 

 Haematera, Panacea, Callithea, and Zaretes with 20° limits. Clothilda 

 like Kricogonia, has a pan-Caribbean distribution (10°-20° N. Lat.). 



In the Erycinidae (Figs. 16-19), 19 of the included 49 genera are 

 neither panequatorial (29) nor northern (1). Ten of the 19 are limited 

 in the north by the Panamanian 10° N. Lat. barrier, even though all 

 exist at the lowest altitudinal ranges. The others are tropical but 

 limited in latitudinal distribution, usually at the lowest altitudinal 

 levels. 



The 15 lycaenid genera (F'ig. 19) are equally divided into the 

 three major groups. None seems to be affected particularly by the 

 Panamanian 10° N. Lat. barrier. One of the 5 has a 25° equatorial 

 range, another 15°, one 10° in the temperate zone of the north, one 

 at the higher levels of the southern Andes, and one (Brephidium) in 

 the tropics and temperate zones north of 10° N. Lat. 



Altogether 45 genera out of the total of 311 have a distributional 

 range that is equatorial save for the 10° N. Lat. limits. This number 

 exceeds the combined total (28) of northern genera. Nearly one- 

 third (96) of the total genera have ranges that do not fit into the 

 normal patterns, largely because the ranges are too limited. Only 4 

 genera, Kricogonia, Nathalis, Clothilda, and Brephidium, are both 

 tropical and restricted latitudinally north of South America (pan- 

 Caribbean). Some genera are restricted to less than 5° latitude, 

 mostly in the mountain belt between 30° N. Lat. and 30° S. Lat. 

 Exceptional areas of endemism of this sort are: (1) the Mexican 

 mountains, especially in the south, (2) the higher parts of the Andes, 

 especially in Peru and Bolivia, and (3) the plains of South America 

 from 20° to 35° S. Lat. 



SIGNIFICANT FACTORS 



Butterflies are directly temperature-controlled (i.e., cold-blooded). 

 The larvae are plant feeders. The adults are day fliers, mostly 

 dependent on direct solar radiation for flight. These three factors 



