394 p. S. MARTIN 



Great Basin; (2) coincidence of the Thermal Maximum in eastern 

 and western North America; (3) very doubtful correlation of Glacio- 

 pluvial conditions in the subtropical latitudes and a negative correla- 

 tion, controlled by summer cyclones, in Post-glacial time; (4) 4,000 

 to 4,500 feet displacement of biotic zones in the Southwest during 

 the Full-glacial period ; (5) displacement of tropical zones by perhaps 

 3,000 feet in the Pleistocene, exact time unknown, but possibly 

 during the Glacial maximum. 



EARLY MAN IN THE NEW WORLD 



The foregoing cursory analysis of late Pleistocene environments 

 is intended to clear the ground for a brief review of two events that 

 stand foremost in Pleistocene ecology and paleontology. The im- 

 portance of these events to students of modern biogeography is not 

 immediately obvious and is often ignored. However, both the ar- 

 rival of prehistoric man and the extinction of late Pleistocene ani- 

 mals pose major biogeographic, as well as paleontological, problems. 



Man's arrival in the New World is a matter of continuing con- 

 troversy. Fluted points, once associated mainly with early man in 

 western North America, are appearing in many parts of the east. 

 They confirm much older evidence of early man, evidence dis- 

 counted during the Hrdlicka period of skepticism regarding Pleisto- 

 cene man in the New World. The Schoop site in Pennsylvania 

 (Witthoft, 1952), the Quad site in Alabama (Soday, 1954), fluted 

 points in Michigan (Quimby, 1958), in North Carolina, and an 

 apparent Late-glacial flint industry in the Manitoulin Islands (Lee, 

 1957) point to the presence of early man in Late-glacial as well as 

 early Postglacial time in the eastern United States. Quimby (1958) 

 related the geochronology of the Lake Michigan basin to archaeologi- 

 cal discoveries and infers an association of spruce-fir forest, masto- 

 dons, and fluted points from about 10,000 to 7,500 B.C. Williams 

 (1957) extended the latter to a more recent date, indicating no 

 obligate relationship between mastodons and spruce-fir. 



The biologist who may wish to review the impressive archaeologi- 

 cal record of early man will profit by consulting Wormington's 

 excellent book (1957) and Sellards' equally readable account (1952). 

 Early man is not invariably associated with fluted points; the old 

 desert cultures such as those at Danger Cave in LTtah (Jennings, 

 1957) and at Frightful Cave in Coahuila (Taylor, 1956) represent 



