LEPIDOPTERA. 355 



more turn to moths, come out, and lay their eggs for a second 

 generation of the worms ; and hence much fruit will be found to 

 be worm-eaten in the autumn. Most of the insects, however, 

 remain in their cocoons through the winter, and are not changed 

 to moths till the following summer. The chrysalis is of a bright 

 mahogany-brown color, and has, as usual, across each of the 

 rings of its hind-body, two rows of prickles, by the help of which 

 it forces its way through the cocoon before the moth comes 

 forth. 



As the apple-worms instinctively leave the fruit soon after it 

 falls from the trees, it will be proper to gather up all wind-fallen 

 apples daily, and make such immediate use of them as will be 

 sure to kill the insects, before they have time to escape. Mr. 

 Burrelle says that if any old cloth is wound around or hung in 

 the crotches of the trees, the apple-worms will conceal them- 

 selves therein ; and by this means thousands of them may be 

 obtained and destroyed, from the time when they first begin to 

 leave the apples, until the fruit is gathered. By carefully scrap- 

 ing off the loose and rugged bark of the trees, in the spring, 

 many chrysalids will be destroyed ; and it has been said that 

 the moths, when they are about laying their eggs, may be 

 smothered or driven away, by the smoke of weeds burned 

 under the trees. The worms, often found in summer pears, 

 appear to be the same as those that affect apples, and are to be 

 kept in check by the same means. 



6. TlNEiE. 



The word moth was formerly used in a much more restricted 

 sense than it now is. It was originally given to the caterpillars 

 of certain insects, called Tine^e by Linnaeus, and well-known 

 as the destroyers of clothing and of other household stuffs. In 

 this sense we find it used in our version of the Scriptures, and 

 in the works of old English writers. It occurs, with very little 

 change, in other languages also, and seems to have been derived 

 from a word signifying to gnaw or to eat.* Nearly all the moth- 



* From the Gothic maten, to gnaw, and from matjan, to eat, we have the 

 Anglo-Saxon word moth, as now used, and matha, a maggot. 



