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erectus, was discovered near Trinil, Java, in 1891 (Fig. 179). The 

 remains consisted of a skull, a jaw bone, a few teeth, and a femur, 

 from which it has been possible to reconstruct the entire skull. 

 The straight femur indicated that he walked erect. The Java 

 man is dated at a little less than a million years in age. The 

 Piltdown man, Eoanthropus dawsoni, found in 1911 at Piltdown, 

 England, lived about 500,000 years ago. His cranium in front 

 was broader and steeper than that of the Java man, and his 

 brain was nearly as large as that of modern man. The Heidel- 

 berg man, represented by a jaw bone found near Heidelberg, 

 Germany, in 1907, was contemporary with the Piltdown man. 



Fig. 178. — Cranium of Sinanthropus pekinensis. 



(After Black.) 



s.o. p., supraorbital process. 



The Neanderthal man, Homo neanderthalensis, is a type of man 

 prevalent in Europe about 200,000 years ago. He is named from 

 a skull found in the Neander Valley, in 1856, though a similar 

 skull had been unearthed in Gibraltar, in 1848. Parts of other 

 skeletons discovered since provide a very complete series of bones 

 of this particular species of prehistoric man. Neanderthal 

 man, who is thought to be descended from Heidelberg man, may 

 have become extinct during the latter part of the Great Ice Age 

 when the glaciers covering half of Europe were beginning to 

 retreat; though some anthropologists believe that he survived 

 and that Australoid and negroid races are descended from him. 

 Another opinion holds that modern human races sprang from 

 men originating in Asia about 40,000 years ago and represented in 

 Europe by the Cro-Magnon Man of the Paleolithic or Old Stone 



