1 86 ARTHROPODA 



and form cocoons of sand, pebbles and silk, which are easily recog- 

 nized as those of the " caddice-worm." 



Order 15. Lepidoptera. — Lepidoptera have four wings covered 

 with fine, powdery scales. The larvae of moths and butterflies, 



called caterpillars, are 

 worm-like, having three 

 pairs of true thoracic legs 

 and from one to five pairs 

 of pro-legs. 



„ . ^. ., . Micro - Lepidoptera in- 



FiG. 85. Case or Discosmoecus gilvtpes. , , , ^ ... 



(Dodds, G. S., and Hisaw, F. L., Ecology, ^^^^^ /^e super-families 

 vol. 6, no. 2.) Pyralidina, Tortricina and 



Tineina. 



The Pyralidina or " leaf-rollers " feed on stored grain. The 

 European corn borer {Pyrausta nubilalis), an important pest in this 

 country, appears to accumulate in destructive numbers in areas of 

 naturally high soil and atmospheric moisture. Meal moth {Pyralis 

 farinalis) larvae feed on meal and flour, making tubes of silk in the 

 77teal. The Mediterranean flour moth {Ephestia kushniella) is one of 

 the most injurious forms, infesting flour mills. Other injurious 

 forms are the meal-moth, the clover-hay worm, the melon-worm and 

 the pickle-worm. The Tineina^ smallest of the Lepidoptera, include 

 the grain moths and the clothes moths. Grain moths attack grains 

 both in the field and stored. The common clothes moths are yellowish 

 moths whose larvae do a great deal of damage to woolen clothing 

 and furs. (Figure 86, A and 5.) 



The family Tortricina includes the bud moth which attacks young 

 shoots of apple trees, the strawberry leaf roller and the extremely 

 injurious codling moth. The codling moth causes an annual loss of 

 over ^12,000,000. The larvae burrow through the blossom end of 

 an apple and eat their way to the core, devouring the seeds. The 

 larvae of the second generation usually feed on the surface of the 

 apple. In the fall the larvae burrow into crevices of the bark, spin 

 white silk cocoons and hibernate. The Oriental fruit worm was 

 introduced on the ornamental cherry trees sent from Japan to 

 decorate the city of Washington, It attacks twigs and young 

 peaches. The Noctuidae are the largest family in the order, with 

 more destructive forms than any other. The army worms migrate 

 from field to field in large bodies. The corn ear worm or cotton-boll 

 worm, the cotton worm^ and the cabbage looper are a few of the more 



