MAMMALIA 413 



white throat and forehead with a brownish or black body. It is 

 frequently seen in captivity. There are six species of howling 

 monkeys {Mycetes). They have a large sound-box, developed from 

 the hyoid bone, and their concerts may be heard more than a mile. 

 The spider tnonkeys {Ateles) have long slender legs and tails and 

 small, round heads. Their long, prehensile tails are used to swing 

 by and with limbs outstretched they do somewhat resemble a 

 spider. They are found as far North as Mexico. They are fre- 

 quently carried by organ grinders. 



The Old World monkeys ( Catarrhina) have their nostrils close 

 together and directed downward. Unlike the New World form, 

 they have open cheek pouches. The tails are non-prehensile or 

 absent. 



Macaques (Fam. Cercopithecidae) have cheek-pouches; range 

 from one to three feet in length and are found in Asia. The pig- 

 tailed monkey of the East Indies (a macaque) is trained to throw 

 down ripe cocoanuts. The baboons {Cynocephalus)^ found in Africa 

 and Arabia, are the fiercest of the Primates, explorers stating that 

 hungry lions will not attack them. Their canine teeth are long and 

 sharp. They go in troops of a score, robbing grain fields, but also 

 feeding on birds. They are terrestrial but do not walk erect. The 

 Asiatic holy apes (langurs) represent to the Hindoos, Hanuman, the 

 Monkey God, who assisted Rama, a mythical hero. The pious 

 Brahmins protect them so that they are great pests. The wanderoo 

 of Ceylon and the Nose Monkey of Borneo are other interesting 

 types. These forms have a sacculated stomach, in the first chamber 

 of which leaves are stored for a time, obviating the necessity of 

 cheek pouches. 



The anthropoid apes {Simiidae) assume an erect posture when 

 they come to ground, although they are arboreal in their habits. 

 They lack cheek pouches and ischial callosities (except in the 

 gibbon). Their arms are much longer than the legs, they have an 

 opposable pollex and a vermiform appendix. The gibbons {Hylo- 

 bates)y the smallest of the man-like apes, are found in the Indo- 

 Malayan region. They have long jaws with extremely long canine 

 teeth and their arms are the longest of any of the group. They leap 

 remarkable distances from branch to branch. Although naturally 

 timid, they often exhibit surprising courage in the defense of their 

 young. The Siamang of Sumatra is jet black and has a throat 

 pouch that distends as the animal shrieks. The brown orang-utan. 



