4i6 MAMMALIA 



Germany, by Dr. O. Schoetensack. The mandible was found fully 

 equipped with teeth. 



The Piltdown man^^ {Eoanthropus dawsoni), found in 191 1 by 

 Mr. Charles Dawson at Sussex, England, consisted of fragments of 

 the cranial walls, nasal bones, a canine tooth and a mandible. The 

 brain case was typically human except for the thickness of the walls. 

 The forehead was high and lacked the prominent supraorbital ridges 

 of the Neanderthal man. The jaw was apparently more apelike. 



The first specimen of the Neanderthal man was discovered in 

 1856 near Dusseldorf in Rhenish Prussia. In a cavern high up on 

 the side of a ravine an entire human skeleton was found, but it was 

 at first thought to be an idiot soldier from an expedition of Napoleon. 

 Later ten related skeletons were found in various places in Western 

 Europe. They were short, the males reaching a height of only five 

 feet, five inches. Neanderthal man is supposed to have lived during 

 the third interglacial and fourth glacial periods. The Neanderthal 

 people were cave-dwellers and made tools and weapons of flint. 

 They buried their dead, leaving weapons and food for use in the 

 future world. Whether they were destroyed or amalgamated seems 

 debatable. One European Professor of Anthropology living a 

 few decades ago was himself described as a " typical Neanderthal 

 man." 



At Aurignac, France, seventeen skeletons of Cro-Magnon man 

 were found in 1852, but were buried in the village cemetery and lost 

 to science. In 1868 five more skeletons were discovered at Cro- 

 Magnon, France, and shown to belong to a highly developed pre- 

 historic people. Physically they were superb, some of them reach- 

 ing a height of six feet, four inches. Their brain was larger than 

 the average brain of the white race of today. Cro-Magnon men 

 came from either Asia or Africa and replaced or absorbed the 

 Neanderthal type. Along with them developed a high type of art 

 as shown by bone and ivory carvings and cave paintings. Like 

 the Neanderthal man their burial customs indicate a belief in life 

 after death. Following the Cro-Magnons and perhaps absorbing 

 them came migrants from Asia, establishing the narrow-headed 



" Osborn, H. F. 1929. Note on the geologic age of Pithecanthropus and Eoan- 

 thropus. Science, vol. 49, no. 1782, pp. 216-217. Osborn states that Eoanthropus, 

 the Piltdown man, is now believed to be of greater geologic age than Pithecanthropus 

 of Java. 



