496 SOCIAL LIFE OF ANIMALS 



E. N. Hoppe, 1928 (Tissue Culture of Guinea Pig Cardiac Mus- 

 cle, Arch. Zellforsch., vol. 7, p. 352), devised a very simple 

 technique for the continuous cultivation of normal tissue of mam- 

 mals without the introduction of foreign plasma or other substances. 

 It is uncomplicated enough to use as a routine experimental pro- 

 cedure. The author has used it to study the action of toxins on 

 tissues. 



Its superiority over the ordinary technique of tissue cultures lies 

 in the fact that homologous plasma is used. In ordinary tissue 



Table of Longevity 

 Longevity of Mammals 

 Animal Reputed Age 



Elephant 30 to 80 



Horse family 15 to 40 



Rhinoceros 37 



Hippopotamus 35 



Cattle 30 



Dogs 30 



Lions, tigers 25 



Cats 23 



Giraffe 20 



Sea lions 18 



Llama 17 



Tropical fruit bat 17 



Badger I4 



Hare and rabbit 10 



Mice and rats 5 



Consult P. C. Mitchell, On longevity and relative viability in mammals and birds. 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 191 1, pp. 425-548, for a more accurate report on mammals 

 and birds in captivity. He records data on over 20,000 species. 



Longevity of Birds 



Animal Reputed Age 



Parrot 100 



Swan 70 



Eagle, owl 68 



Golden eagle 60 



Pelican 52 



Duck 50 



Goose 23 



Fowl 20 



Canary 20 



