CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



A. The Ecological Foundations of Zoogeography 



I. The Problems and Relations of Ecological Animal 



Geography 1 



II. The Conditions of Existence for Animals 11 



III. The Effect of Environmental Selection on Animal 



Distribution 23 



IV. Classification of Animals According to the Most 



General Characteristics of the Environment. ... 32 



V. Barriers to Distribution and Means of Dispersal. . . 56 



VI. The Effect of Geographic Isolation 73 



VII. Historical Zoogeography 98 



VIII. The Influence of Extent of Range 121 



IX. BlOTOPES AND BlOCOENOSES 135 



B. The Distribution of Marine Animals 



X. Physical Conditions in the Ocean in Relation to 



Animal Life 150 



XL The Chemistry of the Sea and Its Influence on 



Animal Life 164 



XII. The Biotic Divisions of the Ocean: The Benthal. . 176 



XIII. The Biotic Divisions of the Ocean (continued) : 



The Pelagial 223 



XIV. The Abyssal Benthic and Pelagic Communities of 



the Sea 248 



XV. Geographic Divisions of the Pelagic Communities 



of the Sea 270 



C. The Distribution of Animals in Inland Waters, 

 A Phase of Limnology 



XVI. The Environmental Factors in Inland Waters 288 



XVII. Communities in Running Waters 301 



XVIII. Communities in Standing Inland Waters 320 



XIX. Communities in Other Inland Waters 359 



v 



