ALPINE ANIMALS 503 



Alps, and Caucasus is the most familiar European form. The Rocky 

 Mountain goat {Oreamnos) represents the group in North America. 

 Central Asia, with serow (Capricornis) , goral [Nemorhaedus) , and 

 takin (Budorcas) , and the orongo (Pantholops) , which is a true an- 

 telope, exhibits a wide variety of forms. Goats, sheep, and antelopes 

 are entirely absent from South America, where their place is filled in 

 the Andean alpine zone by the camelid llamas, alpacas, vicunas, and 

 guanacos; the last extends to sea level in Patagonia. There are no 

 corresponding montane antelopes in Africa. 



Insectivorous birds are relatively few in the alpine zone on account 

 of the scarcity of their normal food. Ground birds are perhaps best 

 represented. The number of true migratory birds (distinguished from 

 those with local vertical migration) is small, their proportion in the 

 Alps being four to three at low levels, one to one in intermediate alti- 

 tudes, one to three in the lower portion of the alpine zone, and only one 

 to five as the snow zone is approached. 50 A considerable series in the 

 Old World represents very widespread forms, with local races in central 

 Asia, the Alps, and the North African mountains. 



Many features of animal distribution in mountains are radically 

 different in the western hemisphere, with its north-to-south mountain 

 ranges, from those which obtain in Eurasia, where the general trends 

 of the high mountains are east and west. The importance of this dif- 

 ference of direction for the dispersal of animals is discussed in Chap- 

 ter V. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



1) Aggazzotti, 1909, Arch. Ital. Biol., 52 p. 265.-2) Schlagintweit, 1862, 

 Arch. Xatg., 28, pt. 1, p. 253-265.-3) Voornveld, 1902. Arch. ges. Physiol., 92, 

 p. 1-60; Biirker, idem, 105, p. 480 ff.; Zuntz. Loewy. Miiller & Caspari, 1905, 

 Hohenklima und Bergwanderungen in ihrer Wirkung auf den Menschen ; Cohn- 

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 — 4) Handschin, 1919, Beitrage zur Kenntnis der wirbellosen terrestrischen Nival- 

 fauna der schweizerischen Hochgebirge (Diss. Basel), p. 18. — 5) Woeikof, 1890, 

 Mfteorol. Z., p. 381-385.— 6) Heller, 1881, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien. (m.-n. KL), 83, 

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 Schlesiens, p. 188 ff.— 9) Fatio, 1872. Faune de la Suisse. 3. p. 280.— 10) Burg, 

 1913. Zbl. Zool. Biol., 4, p. 147.— 11) Netolitzky, 1916. idem. 6, p. 226.— 12) 

 Heller, op. cit., p. 109. — 13) Handschin, op. cit., p. 114; Pax, op. cit.. p. 188. — 

 14) Burger, 1900, Reisen eines Xaturforschers. p. 178.— 15) Hudson, 1913, 

 Entom. Mo. Mag., 24, p. 185-186.— 16) Fatio, 1869. Faune de la Suisse, 1, p. 164. 

 —17) Frantzius, 1869, Arch. Natg., 35. pt. 1. p. 253.— 18) Jacobi, 1900. Z. Ges. 

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