SUBTERRANEAN ANIMAL LIFE 537 



not represented in fresh waters except in caves; to this group belong 

 the small polychaete annelid, Troglochaetes beranecki, .5 mm. in 

 length, and the cave isopods Cirolanides and Cruregens (Anthuridae) 

 from New Zealand. 38 Other cave forms have been assumed by various 

 investigators to be glacial relicts. Absolon supposes the springtails, 

 Onychiurus sibiricus and Pseudosinella alba, which are known from the 

 Moravian caves and northern localities, to be such relicts. Geyer as- 

 sumes that Lartetia was saved from the glacial refrigeration by its 

 existence in caves, while its relatives on the surface became extinct. 



The northern limit of the European troglobic fauna, and especially 

 of its non-aquatic element, is shown by Holdhaus 39 to coincide in the 

 main with the southern limits of glaciation. The American trechinid 

 beetles of the genus Pseudanophthalmus, originally forest dwellers, 

 were apparently killed by the Pleistocene glaciation except where they 

 survived in caves near the southern border of the glaciated region. 7 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



1) Thienemann, 1920, Arch. Hydrob., 4, p. 17-35.— 2) Geyer, 1908, Zool. Jb., 

 Syst., 26, p. 611-640.— 3) Steinmann & Graeter, 1907, Zool. Anz., 31, p. 841-851. 

 —4) Absolon, 1900, Zool. Anz., 23, p. 59.-5) Lampert, 1908, Bl. schwab. 

 Albverein, 1908, p. 7; Absolon, 1899, Zool. Anz., 22, p. 316.— 6) idem, Z. mahr. 

 Landesmus., 14, p. 4; 1911, Coleopt. Rundschau, 2, p. 104. — 7) Jeannel, 1931, 

 Arch. Zool. Exp. et. Gen., 71, p. 403.— 8) Eigenmann, 1909, Publ. Carnegie Inst. 

 Wash., 104, p. 1-241.— 9) Absolon, 1900, Zool. Anz., 23, p. 191.— 10) Komarek, 

 1920, Arch. Hydrob., 12, p. 822-828.— 11) Absolon, 1900, Zool. Anz., 23, p. 6 & 

 194 ff. — .12) Wagner, 1914, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, (m.-n. Kl.) 123, Abt. 1, 

 p. 33-48.— 13) Call, 1897, Amer. Nat., 31, p. 377-392.— 14) Absolon, Zool. Anz., 

 1900, 23, p. 194 ff.— 15) Eigenmann, 1899, Biol. Lect, Woods Hole, p. 121 ff.— 

 16) Komarek, loc. cit. — 17) Absolon, 1900, Zool. Anz., 23, p. 4.— 18) Schroeder, 

 1913, Handbuch Entom., p. 216.— 19) Eigenmann, 1899, Arch. Entw.-Mech., 8, 

 p. 545-617.— 20) Kammerer, 1912, Arch. Entw.-Mech., 33, p. 425 ff.— 21) Noble, 

 1931, Biology of the Amphibia, p. 93, fig. 32.-22) Bilimek, 1867, Verh. zool.- 

 bot. Ges. Wien, 17, p. 901-908.— 23) Racovitza, 1896, in Hamann, Europaische 

 Hohlenfauna, p. 422.-24) Grater, 1909, Int. Rev. Hydrob., 2, p. 470.— 25) Nagel, 

 1894, Geruchs- u. Geschmacksinn. p. 141.— 26) Banta, 1910, J. Exp. Zool., 8, 

 p. 243-310, 439-488.-27) Grater, op. cit., p. 475.-28) Schaeferna, 1900, Zool. 

 Anz., 31, p. 188.— 29) Absolon, 1900, Zool. Anz., 23, p. 193 ff.— 30) Schmitz, 

 1912, Jb. Natuurh. Genootsch. Limburg. — 31) Eigenmann, 1900, Trans. Amer. 

 Micr. Soc, 21, p. 49 ff.— 32) Komarek, loc. cit.— 33) Fries, Jh. Ver. vaterl. 

 Natkunde Wurttemberg, 30, p. 119 ff.— 34) Grater, op. cit., p. 466.-35) Eigen- 

 mann, 1907, Proc. 7. Int. Zool. Cgr., Boston, p. 697 ff.— 36) Hamann, 1896, 

 Europaische Hohlenfauna, p. 5. — 37) Delachaux, 1919, Bull. Soc. Neuchat. Sc. 

 Nat., 44, p. 237-258; 1921, 45, p. 1-11.— 38) Caiman, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 (7) 14, p. 217.— 39) Holdhaus, 1932, Zoogeographica, 1, p. 1-53. 



