552 LAND ANIMALS 



The honeybee has been introduced in all parts of the world by 

 Europeans. The snail, Helix pomatia, which was brought by the monks 

 into North Germany as a food for fast days, is now restricted to the 

 sites of old monasteries. The south European Helix aspersa has been 

 introduced in many places, from Canada to Argentina in the Americas, 

 in Capetown, Madeira, the Canaries, St. Helena, Mauritius, the Sey- 

 chelles, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, and in the Loyalty 

 and Norfolk Islands. 19 



European colonists have taken other animals besides useful ones 

 to their new homes, as reminders of their native land. Birds have been 

 especially favored in this respect. As already stated, the house sparrow 

 lives now in North America as in Java. In South Australia it is ac- 

 companied by the starling, bunting, and the finches, Carduelis carduelis 

 and Chloris chloris, and in North America by the starling. In New 

 Zealand the voices of European birds predominate on the woodland 

 border ; no less than 20 species foreign to the islands have been intro- 

 duced. Thomson's account of the introduction of animals into New 

 Zealand makes a thick book, and one of unusual interest. 20 In the 

 Hawaiian Islands near cities one finds Indian starlings, Singapore 

 doves, European sparrows, and Australian parrots. 21 



Man has introduced the pests of his cultivated plants with them, 

 such as the potato beetle, Hessian fly, the sugar-cane cicada, Per- 

 kinsiella, and San Jose scale, and also has transported other forms 

 with the earth about roots, such as earthworms, ants, Phylloxera, and 

 snails. Scarcely a native earthworm is to be found in the cultivated 

 regions of Australia, the Antilles, and many places in South America. 

 The tropical species of land planarian, Bipalium kewensis, was first 

 described from the Kew Gardens in England. Lizards frequently make 

 the journey from island to island in the canoes of the South Sea Is- 

 landers. The flower-pot blind snake, Typhlops braminus, is found from 

 Madagascar to Formosa and even in the Hawaiian Islands, whither it 

 has been carried in flower-pots or in earth about plant roots. About 

 500 species of animals are known to have been brought to Hamburg 

 by shipping, among them 4 lizards, 7 snakes, 2 amphibians, and 22 

 snails, while the principal number consisted of insects and spiders. 

 The wide difference between transport and establishment of a species 

 is shown by the fact that only about 5% of these forms have estab- 

 lished themselves, and these only under special locations, in the warm 

 tanbark of tanneries, and in hothouses. 22 A large tropical cockroach 

 has established itself in the basements of large American museums. In 

 America we are familiar with a transported tropical fauna brought 

 in with bananas which involves, among others, cockroaches, spiders, 



