THE TRAM" 367 



below and the heel of the bowsprit. This space also serves as 

 cable-tier. 



On the upper deck we find aft the opening of the rudder-well 

 and that of the propeller-well, covered with gratings. A piece 

 was added to the lower part of the rudder to give more rudder 

 area. 



Forward of the propeller-well comes the reserve steering-gear, 

 almost in the same position formerly occupied by the only steering- 

 gear; the ordinary steering-gear is now moved to the bridge. 

 The old engine-room companion aft is now removed, and forward 

 of the after-wheel is only the skylight of the after-saloon. Up 

 through the latter comes the exhaust-pipe of the main engine. 

 Forward of and round the mizzenmast is the bridge, which is 

 partly formed by the roofs of the large chart-house and labora- 

 tory amidships and the two houses on each side. The chart-house 

 occupies the place of the old boiler-room ventilator, and abuts on 

 the fore-deck. (It is thus a little aft of the place occupied by 

 the chart-house on Nansen's expedition.) It is strongly built of 

 timbers standing upright, securely bolted to the deck. On both 

 sides of this timber work there are panels, 2 inches thick on the 

 outside and 1 inch on the inside, and the space between is filled 

 with finely-divided cork. Floor and roof are insulated in a similar 

 way, as is also the door; the windows are double, of thick plate- 

 glass. Inside the chart-house, besides the usual fittings for its use 

 as such, there is a companion-way to the engine-room, and a hatch 

 over the manhole to the main supply tank for oil-fuel. The open- 

 ing in the deck has a hatch, made like the rest of the deck (in two 

 thicknesses, with cork insulation between) ; the intention is to cut 

 off the engine-room altogether, and remove the entrance of this 

 companion during the drift in the ice through the Polar sea. 

 The side houses are constructed of iron, and are not panelled; 

 they are intended for w.c. and lamp-room. On the roof of the 

 chart-house are the main steering-gear and the engine-room tele- 

 graph. On the port side, on the forward part of the after-deck. 



