THE "FRAM" 369 



crack in the beam that forms the support for the mizzenmast; it 

 was therefore strengthened with two heavy iron plates, secured by 

 through-bolts. Two strong steel stanchions were also placed on 

 each side of the engine, carried down to the frame- timbers. The 

 old mizzenmast has been converted into a bowsprit and jib-boom in 

 one piece. There are now standing gaffs on all three masts. The 

 sail area is about 6,640 square feet. 



All the cabins are insulated in the same way as before, though it 

 has been found possible to simplify this somewhat. In general the 

 insulation consists of: 



1. In the cabins, against the ship's side and under the upper 

 deck, there is first a layer of cork, and over that a double panelling 

 of wood with tarred felt between. 



2. Above the orlop deck aft there is a layer of cork, and above 

 this a floor of boards covered with linoleum. 



3. Under the orlop deck forward there is wooden panelling, with 

 linoleum over the deck. 



Bulkheads abutting on parts of the ship that are not warmed 

 consist of three thicknesses of boards or planks with various non- 

 conducting materials, such as cork or felt, between them. 



When the vessel was docked before leaving Horten, the zinc 

 sheathing was removed, as already stated, since fears were enter- 

 tained that it would be torn by the ice, and would then prevent the 

 ice from slipping readily under the bottom during pressure. The 

 vessel has two anchors, but the former port anchor has been replaced 

 by a considerably heavier one (1 ton 1| hundredweight), with a 

 correspondingly heavier chain-cable. This was done with a special 

 view to the voyage round Cape Horn. 



In order to trim the ship as much as possible by the stern, which 

 was desirable on account of her carrying a weather helm, a number 

 of heavy spare stores, such as the old port anchor and its cable, 

 were stowed aft, and the extreme after-peak was filled with cement 

 containing round pieces of iron punched out of plates. 



Along the railing round the fore-deck strong netting has been 



