360 APPENDIX I 



was placed, arranged as a chart-house, from which two companions 

 (one on each side) led down to the cabins. Besides the ice-skin, 

 there is a double layer of outside planking of oak. The two first 

 strakes (garboard strakes), however, are single, 7 inches thick, and 

 are bolted both to the keel and to the frame-timbers. The first 

 (inner) layer of planks is 3 inches thick, and is only fastened with 

 nails; outside this comes a layer of 4-inch planks, fastened with 

 oak trenails and through bolts, as usual. The two top strakes are 

 single again, and 6 inches thick. The ice-skin is of greenheart, and 

 covers the whole ship's side from the keel to 18 inches from the 

 sheer strake. It is only fastened with nails and jagged bolts. 

 Each layer of planks was caulked and pitched before the next one 

 was laid. Thus only about 3 or 4 inches of the keel projects 

 below the planking, and this part of the keel is rounded off so as 

 not to hinder the ice from passing under the ship's bottom. The 

 intervals between the timbers were filled with a mixture of coal-tar, 

 pitch, and sawdust, heated together and put in warm. The ship's 

 side thus forms a compact mass varying in thickness from 28 to 32 

 inches. As a consequence of all the intervals between the timbers 

 being filled up, there is no room for bilge-water under the lining. 

 A loose bottom was therefore laid a few inches above the lining on 

 each side of the keelson. In order to strengthen the ship's sides 

 still more, and especially to prevent stretching, iron braces were 

 placed on the lining, running from the clamps of the top deck 

 down to well past the floor-timbers. 



The stem consists of three massive oak beams, one inside the 

 other, forming together 4 feet of solid oak fore and aft, with a 

 breadth of 15 inches. The three external plankings as well as the 

 lining are all rabbeted into the stem. The propeller-post is in 

 two thicknesses, placed side by side, and measures 26 inches 

 athwurt-ship and 14 inches fore and aft. It will be seen from the 

 plan that the overhang aft runs out into a point, and that 

 there is thus no transom. To each side of the stern-post is fitted 

 a stout stern-timber parallel to the longitudinal midship section. 



