APPENDIX. 



William H. Williams, 1891: Page 273. 



499 



Mr. Williams and his assistants reached the conclusion, true beyond 

 all question, that " the seals were decreasing very rapidly, and that the 

 cause of their decrease was pelagic or deep-sea hunting." " 1 am con- 

 vinced," he says, " that the conclusion arrived at is the correct one, and 

 any attempt to make it appear to be due to other causes is not war- 

 ranted by the facts." . . 



The many subsequent investigations have only confirmed this just 

 conclusion, and it is the essential fact in the whole fur-seal controversy. 

 It is, moreover, one which every British discussion of the subject, ot 

 whatever grade, has persistently avoided. 



William H. Williams, 1891: Page 375. 



The dead pups seen on Tolstoi rookery in August, as shown in a pho- 

 tograph by Mr. George M. Dawson, for a copy of which we are indebted 

 to Mr. Macoun, were undoubtedly in large measure killed by Uncinaria. 

 But many were also starved. 



It is unquestionably true that every pup whose mother dies before 

 November starves to death, aud in this year pelagic sealing was carried 

 on without limitation as to time in Bering Sea. 



Mr. Williams counted 1,200 grown bulls about the rookeries without 

 cows in 1891, besides hundreds of others with one to four cows each. 

 This observation, with others of similar nature, show the absurdity of 

 the contention that any part of the decline of the herd is due to the lack 

 of male life. 



This fact is further emphasized by the observations of Mr. Murray, 

 then assistant agent. This report of Mr. Williams deserves especial 

 commendation for its accuracy and sound sense. 



Joseph B. Crowley, 1893: Page 410. 



The large number of pups drowned on Tolstoi rookery has been sev- 

 eral times noted. These are pups killed by a parasitic worm ( Uncin- 

 aria) breeding in infected sands. These carcasses, washed from the 

 rookeries by the surf, are piled up on the sand beaches beyond Tolstoi 

 and constitute the " windrows " of " drowned " pups so often spoken of. 



Hamlin, 1894 : Page 449. 



The total of 5,000,000 seals here assumed as on the islands in 1867 is 

 based upon the estimate of Mr. Henry W. Elliott, made in 1872, of 

 4,700,000. This estimate, we have now reason to believe, was a greatly 

 exaggerated one. The actual number in these early years and through- 

 out the period until 1884 probably did not exceed 2,500,000, including 

 males, females, aud young, and was probably nearer 2,000,000. 



Hamlin, 1894: Page 451. 



The investigations of 1896 and 1897 show that there is a considerable 

 mortality among young pups prior to the beginning of pelagic sealing. 

 These early deaths are due to a variety of natural and customary 

 causes, such as the parasitic worm Uncinaria, trampling, drowning, etc., 

 which are doubtless as old as the herd itself. A certain proportion of 

 these early dead pups (of which 11,000 were counted in 1896) are nec- 

 essarily included in the count of 12,000 and estimate of 20,000 dead 

 pups for 1894, which are here ascribed to starvation. At the same 



