THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 



745 



the Java man, whose remains were found in 1891 in Pleistocene de- 

 posits on the banks of the Solo River in eastern Java (Fig. 36.10). Several 

 other skulls and leg bones found since give us a good idea of what Java 

 man looked like. He was of stocky build, about 5 feet 8 inches tall, 

 weighed 154 pounds and walked erect. His face was rather apelike, with 

 massive, protruding, chinless jaws equipped with a set of huge teeth 

 (although the canine teeth were not enlarged tusks as in the apes). The 

 nose was broad and low-bridged and there was a heavy, bony, protruding 

 ridge over the eyes. The skull had a cranial capacity of about 900 ml., 

 intermediate between the 1500 ml. which is average for modern man, 

 and the 600 ml. of the gorilla and australopithecines. By studying casts 

 of the interior of the skull, the contours and relative proportions of the 

 various parts of the brain can be determined. Pithecanthropus appears 

 to have had the part of the brain which controls speech, though we 

 have no way of knowing whether he could speak. The frontal lobes of 

 the brain, which were the last parts to appear in evolution, were smaller 

 in the Java man than in modern man, but larger than in any living ape. 

 Java man's brain was more human than simian, larger and more con- 

 voluted than that of any of the primitive or present apes. 



Australoids Modern Man 



I ^^ 



I Neandertlial Cro-Magnon 

 Keilor ^ I 



1 Heidelberg Galley Hill 

 Solo #' 1 



Peking Swanscombe 



V 



TREE 

 INSECTIVORES 



Fiqure 36 7 An evolutionary tree of the primates, beginning with the primitive 

 tree insectivores. The forms known only as fossils are indicated in itahcs. (Villee: 

 Biology.) 



