OSTAEIOPHYSI. 219 



size (20-50 lb.)» and great age (50-100 years, Gesner, Bufion), very 

 prolific, spawn on weeds about May, said to form hybrids with 

 the Crucian carp with the tench and the bream. Carassitis NUsson, 

 without barbels ; C. vulggaris Nilss., the Crucian carp, Prussian 

 carp, Eur. and Siberia ; C. auraius L., gold-fish, China and Japan, 

 introduced into Eur. and Amer. as an aquarimn fish and natural- 

 ised in many streams ; very variable under domestication in 

 colotu' and otherwise, brilhancy generally decreases when turned 

 into the open, in the wild state greenish ; so-called telescope-fish 

 is a variety ; breeds in May and June. Catla C. and V., E. Ind. ; 

 Labeo Cuv., Afr. and E. Ind. ; Discognathus Heck., Ind., 

 Ceylon, S.-W. Asia, Air.; Capoeta C. and V., W. Asia; Barbus 

 Cuv., barbels, 200 species, Eur., Asia, Afr., dorsal fin with the 

 (third) longest simple ray sometimes enlarged and serrated 

 only exceptionally with more than nine branched rays commencing 

 opposite or nearly opposite the root of the pelvic fin ; eyes without 

 adipose eyehd ; mouth arched without inner folds ; hps without 

 horny covering, barbels 4, 2 or ; B. vulgaris Fleming, 

 Europe, to 50 lb., as food coarse, roe sometimes poisonous. Thynn- 

 ichthya Bleek, E. Ind. Oreinus ; McClell, Himalajas ; from 

 same region Ptychobarbus , Gy7nnocypris, Schizopygopsis, Diptychus ; 

 Gobio Cuv., Eur. a small maxillary barbel; dorsal fin with few 

 rays, without spino ; G. fluviatilis Flem., the gudgeon. Allied are 

 Ladislavia and Pseudogobio, E. Asia; Ceratickthys Baird and Gerard, 

 N. Amer., called chub in the U. S. ; similar" genera of 

 N. Amer., and generally called "minnows," are Pimephales 

 (black head), Hyborhynchus, Hybognathus, Campostoma (stone- 

 lugger), Ericymba, Cochlognathus, Exoglossum (stone-toter or cut- 

 lips), Rhinichthys (long-nosed dace). Other Old World genera are 

 Cirrhina, Dangila, Osteochilus, Barynotus, Tylognathus, Abrostomus, 

 Crossochihis , Epalzeorhynchtis, Barbichthys, Amblyrhynchichthys, 

 Albulichthys, Aulopyge, Bungia, Pseudorasbora. 



III. Rohteichthyina. Anal fin very short, with not more than 

 six branched rays ; dorsal fin behind pelvic ; abdomen compressed ; 

 no barbels ; pharyngeal teeth in triple series. Rohteichthya Bleek, 

 East Ind. Arch, 



IV. Leptobarbina. Anal fin as in last ; dorsal opposite pelvic ; 

 abd. not compressed ; barbels present, not more than 4 ; phar. 

 teeth in triple series. Leptobarbua Bleek, E. Ind. Arch. 



V. Rasborina with Raabora, from E. Ind. Cont. and Arch, and 

 E. Afr. ; Amblypharyngodon, Luciosoma, Nuria and Aphyocypris, 

 from E. Ind. Cont. 



VI. Semiplotina with Cyprinion from Syria, Persia, Semi- 

 plotua from Assam. 



VII. Xenocypridina with Xenocypria and Paracanthobrama from 

 China, Mystacoleucua from Stimatra. 



VIII. Leuciscina. Anal fin of short or moderate length, with 

 8-11 branched rays, not extending forwards below the dorsal, 

 which is short and without osseous ray. Barbels generally ; 

 pharyngeal teeth in a single or double series. Leuciacua Klein, 

 white-fish, north temperate zone of both hemispheres ; species 

 found in England are L. rutilua Flem., the roach, said to form hybrids 

 with the bream and rudd ; L. cephalus Flem., the chub ; L. vul- 



