312 CLASS AMPHIBIA. 



Sub-fam. 3. Dendrophryniscinae. Without teeth. Batracho- 

 phrynus Ptrs., an aquatic genus without tympanum and eustachian 

 tubes, Peru ; Dendrophryniscus Esp., Brazil. 

 Series B. Firmisternia. The epicoracoids do not overlap but are 

 firmly united with one another. 



Fam. 6. Engystomatidae. Transverse processes of sacral vertebra 

 dilated, vertebrae procoelous and without ribs ; the precoracoid may be 

 weak or absent. 



Sub-fam. 1. Engystomatinae. Without teeth in the upper 

 jaw ; neotropical and palaeotropical ; many genera live on ants ; 

 the mouth is often small and the snout projecting ; in some genera 

 the digits have adhesive discs supported by T-shaped phalanges. 

 The sub-family includes terrestrial, aquatic and burrowing forms but 

 none are arboreal. Rhinoderma Dum. and Bibr., Chili, Rh. darwinii 



D. and B., total length 3 cm., male with a subgular vocal sac to which 

 the eggs are transferred and in which they develop, the tadpoles are 

 without gills and the whole development appears to take place in 

 the pouch ; Phryniscus Wieg., trop. Ainer. ; Brachycephalvs Fitz., 

 with broad dorsal osseous shield, S. Amer. ; Siereocyclops Cope, Brazil ; 

 Engystoma Fitz., Amer. ; Oreophrynella ; Hypopachus Kef erst., trop. 

 Amer. ; Melanobatrachus Beddome, India ; Sphenophryne Ptrs. and 

 Doria, New Guinea ; Liophryne, New Guinea ; Calophrynus Tschudi, 



E. Indies, S. China ; Microhyla Tschudi, China, E. Indies ; Callula 

 Gthr., E. Indies ; Xenohatrachus Ptrs. and D., New Guinea ; Phryno- 

 mantis Ptrs., Africa and Amboina ; Cacopus Gthr., India ; Glypho- 

 glossusGthr., India ; Brevicep-t Merr., Africa ; Hemisus Gthr., Africa ; 

 Rhombophryne Boettg., Madagascar ; Scaphiophryne Blgr., Mada- 

 gascar ; Xenorhina, Ptrs., New Guinea ; Phrynella, Malacca ; 

 Mantophryne, New Guinea ; Cacostcrnum, Africa. 



Sub-fam. 2. Dyscophinac* With teeth in the upper jaw; 

 those with disced digits are climbers. Calluella, Burmah, all the 

 other genera from Madagascar, viz. Dyscophus, Plcthodontohyla, 

 Mantipus, Platyhyla, Phrynocara, Platypelis, Cophyla, Anodontohyla. 



Sub-fam. 3. Genyophryninae. With very small teeth on the 

 anterior portion of the lower jaw. Genyophryne, Sudest Island between 

 N. Gviinea and the Louisiade Arcliipelago. 

 Fam. 7. Ranidae. Transverse processes of sacral vertebra cylindri- 

 cal ; the precoracoids are always present ; vertebrae procoelous. 



Sub-fam. 1. Ceratobatrachinae. Teeth in both jaws ; tongue 

 notched and free behind ; pupil horizontal ; tympanvim distinct ; 

 fingers and toes free, with swollen tips ; male with two internal vocal 

 sacs. Ceratobatrachus, Solomon Islands. 



Sub-fam. 2. Raninae. With teeth in the upper but none in the 

 lower jaw ; tympanum variable ; adhesive discs present or absent ; 

 tongue free behind, sometimes notched ; terrestrial, arboreal and 

 aquatic forms are known ; mainly arctogaean, 3 species in Papuan 

 region and 4 genera in the tropical andesian. Phyllobates D. and B., 

 trop. Amer. ; Oxyglossus Tsch., E. Indies ; Rana L., frogs, pupil 

 horizontal, vomers with teeth, fingers free, toes webbed, 4th and 5th 

 metatarsals diverging and webbed together, cosmopoUtan except the 

 S. parts of S. Amer. and New Zealand, one species in N. Australia ; 

 R. temporaria L.. the common European brown or grass-frog, spawn 



* Boulenger, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 4, 1889, p. 247, 



