PASSERIFORMES. 475 



Film. Xenicidae. New Zealand, 3 species. Xenicus. 



Fam. Tyrannidae. America. Over 400 species. Tyrannus caroUnensis 

 Gm., the king or tyrant bird, temp. N. Amer. Oxyrhamphus. 



Fam. Pipridae. Trop. Amer. Pipra Bonn., mannakins, S. Amer. ; 

 Tityra. 



Fam. Cotingidae. Trop. Amer. Cotinga ; Rupicola, cock of the rock ; 

 Gymnoderus, Coracina, etc. 



Fam. Formicariidae. South and Central America. Some are scliizo- 

 gnathous, and some have lost the tracheo-bronchial muscles. About 520 

 species Thamnophilus, Formicarius, Grallaria, Furnarius, Dendrocolaptes 

 etc. 



Fam. Pteroptochidae. South America ; about 30 species. Pteropto- 

 chxia, Hylactes, Conopophaga. 



Group 2. Passeres Diacromyodae (Oscines). 



The syrinx muscles are inserted both on the dorsal and on the ventral 

 ends of the bronchial rings, 



A. Abnormales, Suboacines. 



Fam. Menuridae. Lyre-birds. Large birds with a stout beak. With 

 11 primaries and 16 rectrices of which the two outer are curved like a lyre 

 in the male. Incompletely aegithognathous. They live in forests with 

 tangled undergrowth, and are good mimics. M. superba Dav. 



Fam. Atrichornithidae. Scrub-birds. AustraUa. Small birds inhabit- 

 ing dense scrub or grassy lands ; good mimics. Australia. Atrichornis. 



B. Nor males, seines verae. 



Fam. Alaudidae. Larks. The plumage is earth-coloured ; the beak 

 is of medium length, the wings broad and long and the tail short. Alauda 

 arvensis F., skylark ; A. arborea L., woodlark ; A. cristaia L., crested lark ; 

 A. alpestris L., shore lark. 



Fam. Motacillidae. Wagtails and pipits. Body slender ; beak fairly 

 long and notched at the point. Anthus pratensis Bechst., meadow pipit 

 Motacilla alba L., white wagtail. 



Fam. Henicuridae. Fork-tails. 



Fam. Timeliidae. 



Fam. Pyononotidae. Bulbuls. 



Fam. Muscicapidae. Flycatchers. Beak short, broad, and depressed 

 at the base, somewhat compressed anteriorly, with hooked curved point. 

 Muscicapa grisola L., M. atricapilla L. 



Fam. Turdidae. Thrushes, warblers, etc. The beak is tolerably long, 

 somewhat compressed, slightly notched before the point, and furnished 

 with vdbrissae at the base. The metatarsus is long, and covered with an 

 anterior and two lateral scales (laminiplantar). Turdus merula L., black- 

 bird ; T. viscivorus L., mistletoe thrush ; T. musicus L., thrush ; T. tor- 

 quatus L., ring-ousel ; T. iliacus L., redwing ; T. pilaris L., fieldfare ; 

 T. migratorius L., American robin ; T. (Monticola) saxatilis L., rock- 

 thrush ; T. cyanus L., blue thrush. Saxicola Bechst., wheatear. Pra- 

 ticola rubetra, L., whinchat ; P. rubicola L., stonechat. Ruticilla phoe- 

 nicurus L., redstart. Accentor modularis L., hedge-sparrow. Luscinia 

 Philomela Bechst., thrush nightingale, large nightingale in E. Europe; 

 L. hiscinia L., nightingale ; L. (Erithacus) rubecula L., robin redbreast. 



