CONTENTS 



chapter page 



1. Introduction 1 



2. Natural History of Vertebrate Animals 9 



The Frog as a Representative Vertebrate 10 



The Vertebrates and Their Environment 27 



Classification 36 



3. Morphology of the Vertebrate Body 38 



External Features and Related Structures 38 



General Internal Organization 41 



The Structural and Functional Systems of Vertebrate Animals. ... 50 



4. Physiology of the Vertebrate Animal: Metabolism 71 



The Nature of Protoplasm 71 



Assimilation 76 



Dissimilation 93 



Secretions 9" 



Blood as the Common Carrier 103 



5. Physiology of the Vertebrate Animal: Irritability 106 



Refle.x Action 107 



Localization of Function in the Nervous System 115 



Reception, Transmission, and Discharge 124 



Coordination and Irritability 128 



Reproduction ^^^ 



6. Cells of the Vertebrate Body = ■ 130 



Historical Development of the Cell Doctrine 131 



Structure of a Typical Cell 1^3 



Cell Division 1^^ 



Histology ^^^ 



7. Representative Single-celled Animals 153 



The Sarcodina 1^^ 



The Mastigophora 1^^ 



The Infusoria J^^ 



The Sporozoa J^JJ 



Metabolism, Irritability, and Reproduction in Protozoa 192 



XllI 



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