CONTENTS 



SECTION I 

 INTRODUCTION 



Page 

 CHAPTER 1 



INTRODUCTION 17 



Science and the Scientific Method, 18 ; Science, 18 ; The Scientific Method, 

 18; The Scientific Experiment, 19; Biology as a Science, 19; The Im- 

 portance of Zoology, 21. 



CHAPTER 2 



THE BASIS OF LIFE 23 



Living Versus Nonliving, 23; Growth, 23; Irritability, 24; Organization, 

 24 ; Reproduction, 24 ; MetaboHsm, 24 ; Some Basic Chemistry and Physics, 

 25; Elements, 25; The Structure of Matter, 25; Isotopes, 26; Ions, 27; 

 Molecules, 27; Compounds, 28; Characteristics of Elements, 28; Salts, 

 Acids, and Bases, 29; Organic Chemistry, 30; The Carbohydrates, 31; 

 Lipids, 31; Proteins, 32; Enzymes, 32; Physical Characteristics of Matter, 

 32 ; Solutions, Zl ; Suspensions, 33 ; Colloids, Zl ; Brownian Movement, 33 ; 

 Energy, 34; Diffusion, 34; Osmosis, 34; Protoplasm, 35; Chemical Com- 

 position, 35 ; Organization of Protoplasm, 35 ; Cell Sizes, 36 ; Tissues, 36 ; 

 Glands, 38; Organs, 40; Organ Systems, 40. 



CHAPTER 3 



CLASSIFICATION ^^ 



History, 41; The Rules of Taxonomy, 42; What Is a Species? 43 ; Ad- 

 vantages of Scientific Names, 43 ; Classifying Animals, 43 ; Some Phyla of 

 the Animal Kingdom, 45; The Classes of the Phylum Chordata, 45. 



SECTION II 



THE VERTEBRATE ORGAN SYSTEMS 



CHAPTER 4 



THE FROG: A REPRESENTATIVE VERTEBRATE . . .^^. . ■_:■■ 47 

 Classification, 47; Natural History of Rana /'i/^i^w.y 48; Habits 48, Lite 

 History, 49; Useful Terms, 51 ; External Anatomy, 51 ; The Head Region, 

 52; Appendages, 52; Mouth Cavity, 53; The Integumentary System 54 

 The Skeletal System, 55; The Appendicular Skeleton, 58, The Muscular 

 System, 58 ; General Internal Anatomy 60 ; The Digestive System 6 , 

 The Respiratory System, 62; The Circulatory System 63 ; The Heart, 63 

 The Arterial System, 64; The Capillaries, 66 ; The Venous System 66 

 The Blood, 68; The Lymphatic System, 68; The Nervous Sy tern, 69, The 

 Central Nervous System, 69; The Peripheral Nervous System 71 The 

 Autonomic System, 71; Sense Organs, 71 ;. The E"docrine Systeni 71 . 

 The Excretory System, 72; The Reproductive System, 72, The Female, 

 72 ; The Male, 11. 



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