10 Contents 



CHAPTER 5 Page 



THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM .75 



The Functions of the Integument, 75; The Microscopic Structure of the 

 Skin, 79 ; The Epidermis, 79 ; The Dermis, 80 ; Glands, 81 ; Pigmentation, 

 82 ; Friction Ridges, 82 ; Skin Derivatives, 83 ; Scales, 83 ; Claws, Nails, 

 and Hoofs, 85; Teeth, 86; Horns, 88; Feathers, 88; Hair, 90; Other 

 Integumentary Derivatives, 91. 



CHAPTER 6 



THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 92 



Functions of a Skeletal System, 92; Tissues of the Vertebrate Skeletal 

 System, 94; Cartilage, 94; Bone, 95; Bone Growth, 97; Membrane Bones, 

 99; Divisions of the Mammalian Skeleton, 99; The Axial Skeleton, 100; 

 The Skull, 100; The Backbone, 104; The Thoracic Basket, 107; The 

 Visceral Skeleton, 108; The Appendicular Skeleton, 108; Pectoral Girdle 

 and Forelimbs, 109; The Pelvic Girdle and the Hindlimbs, 110; Mis- 

 cellaneous Bones, 111 ; Homology, 111 ; Joints, 112. 



CHAPTER 7 



THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 114 



Functions of the Muscular System, 114; Types of Muscular Tissue, 115; 

 Smooth Muscle, 115; Skeletal Muscle, 116; Cardiac Muscle, 117; The 

 Muscles, 117; Levers, 117; Types of Movements, 118; Muscle Arrange- 

 ment, 119; The Naming of Muscles, 119; The Physiology of Muscle 

 Activity, 120 ; Chemical Changes, 120 ; Thermal Changes, 122 ; Physical 

 Changes, 122 ; Electrical Changes, 122 ; The Simple Muscle Twitch, 122 ; 

 Effect of Weight on the Muscle Twitch, 124 ; Tetanus, 124 ; Tonus, 125 : 

 The All-or-None Law, 125; Fatigue, 125; The Effect of Training, 126; 

 Electric Organs, 126. 



CHAPTER 8 



THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 127 



The Function of the Digestive System, 128 ; The Digestive Tract, 128 ; 

 The Mouth, 130; The Pharynx, 131; The Esophagus, 131; The Stomach, 

 132; The Small Intestine, 134; The Large Intestine, 134; Histology, 135; 

 The Mesenteries, 136; Glands, 137; The Physiology of Digestion, 137; 

 Chemical Digestion, 138; Control of the Digestive Glands, 139; Movements 

 of the Digestive Tract, 141 ; Movements of the Villi, 144; Food and Nutri- 

 tion, 144; Carbohydrates, 145; Fats, 145; Proteins, 145; Water, 145; 

 Inorganic Salts, 145 ; Vitamins, 145. 



CHAPTER 9 



THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 147 



Function of the Respiratory System, 148 ; The Anatomy of the Respiratory 

 System, 149; The Nose, 149; The Pharynx, 151; The Larynx, 151; The 

 Trachea and Bronchi, 151; The Lungs, 152; The Physiology of Respira- 

 tion, 153; External and Internal Respiration, 154; Mechanics of Respira- 

 tion, 154; Control of Rate of Respiration, 155; Capacity of the Lungs, 156; 

 Second Wind, 156; Effects of Altitude, 157; Basal Metabolism, 157; Some 

 Respiratory Modifications, 157; Colds and Coughs, 158. 



CHAPTER 10 



THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 159 



The Functions of the Circulatory System, 160 ; The Anatomy of the 

 Vertebrate Circulatory System, 161 ; The Heart, 161 ; The Path of the 

 Blood Through the Heart, 163; The Aortic Arches, 164; The Pulmonary 

 Circuit, 166; The Systemic Arterial System, 166; The Systemic Venous 



