Vlll 



PREFACE 



whose names are synonymous with scholar- 

 ship: Hans Ris, Franz Schrader (Chapter 2), 

 C.E. Packard (4 and 6), L.S. West (7), 

 M.W. de Laubenfels (9), Libbie H. 

 Hyman, J.F. Mueller (10), Libbie H. Hy- 

 man (11 and 12), G.R. LaRue (13), R.W. 

 Pennak (14), Olga Hartman, A.W. Bell 

 (15), T.W. Porter, A.L. Goodrich, Thomas 

 Park (16), H.L. King, R.L. Fisher, T.W. 

 Porter, J.B. Gerberich (18), B.J. Kaston 

 (19), W.J. Clench, R.D. Turner, E.P. 

 Cheatum (20), Libbie H. Hyman (21), 

 T.H. Bullock (22), J.C. Braddock (23), 

 V.C. Applegate, R.C. Ball, C.W. Greaser 

 (24), L.P. Schultz, L.M. Ashley, R.A. Fen- 

 nell (25), L.P. Schultz, P.L Tack (26), 

 CM. Bogert, M.M. Hensley (27 and 28), 

 L.M. Ashley (28), G.J. Wallace, A. Wet- 

 more, M.D. Pirnie (29), H.E. Anthony, 

 R.H. Manville, R.H. Baker (30), C.F. Cairy 

 (31), C.F. Cairy, E. Hackel (32), C.F. 

 Cairy (33), R.L. Watterson, J.R. Shaver 

 (34)', H.O. Goodman, E. Hackel (35), J.R. 

 Shaver, J.E. Smith (36), J.C. Braddock, 

 A.N. Bragg, R.H. Baker (37), and A.N. 

 Bragg (Glossary). 



In addition, the following teachers gave 

 assistance in the preparation of the book: 

 J.C. Braddock and W.J. Clench. 



I am deeply indebted to the many instruc- 

 tors who filled out questionnaires and to the 

 graduate assistants who made valuable sug- 

 gestions based on their classroom experi- 

 ence with this textbook. 



Edwin Ingersoll and other members of 

 the Department of Zoology of Miami Uni- 

 versity, Oxford, Ohio, gave cooperation and 

 help to the artist, Olivia Jensen Ingersoll. 



Other persons who assisted in various 

 ways were Bernadette McCarthy Henderson 

 and Norman and Patricia Harris. 



The radiograph of a rattlesnake on page 

 418 is reproduced by courtesy of the Air 

 Forces Institute of Patholog}'. 



Finally, much credit should go to the 

 many critical students who refuse to accept 

 everything they read on the printed page 

 as gospel. 



Because the author has been the final 

 judge of all that is presented in this book, 

 he alone is responsible for errors or misin- 

 terpretations of fact. Suggestions for im- 

 provement are not only welcome but greatly 

 appreciated. 



Karl A. Stiles 



East Lansmg, Michigan 



